音标是标记英语读音的符号,是英语的最小语音单位。英语的发音是由元音与辅音结合构成音节形成发音。由此英语音标分为元音和辅音两大类。 元音什么是元音? 元音是一种有声音,发音时,用舌头和嘴唇使口腔定形,声带振动。同时气流从肺冲出来,经过气管进入口腔,在口腔中不受到任何发音气管的阻碍。 下面是英式英语中20个元音如何发音示意图:
元音根据其口腔发音部位、发音长短、构成要素可进行三种分类,下面一一加以介绍。 元音分类1:前元音、中元音和后元音根据元音发音过程中舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不同,我们可以把元音分为前元音、中元音和后元音。 1、Front(前元音)The front vowels in English are the vovels that are articulated near the front of the oral cavitv,such as: 发前元音时,发音部位靠近口腔前部。例如:
2、Central(中元音):The central vovels in English are the vovels that are articulated near the center of the vocal cavity,such as: 发中元音时,发音部位靠近口腔中部。例如:
3、Back(后元音):The back vovels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the rear of the vocal cavity,such as: 发后元音时,发音部位靠近口腔后部。例如:
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1. /eɪ/ gay ; | 2. /aɪ/ kite ; |
3. /ɔɪ/ boy ; | 4. /aʊ/ mouth ; |
5. /əʊ/ load ; | 6. /ɪə/ hear ; |
7. /eə/ fair ; | 8. /ʊə/ tour . |
In articulating a Monophthong,the vowel-sound doesn't change in quality throughout the course of a syllable.The other vowels in English are relatively Monophthongs.
发单元音时,在一个音节的发音过程中不改变音质。英语中其他元音均为单元音。例如:
1. /iː/ bee ; | 2. /ɪ/ hit ; |
3. /e/ bed ; | 4. /æ/ bad ; |
5. /ɜː/ work ; | 6. /ə/ leader ; |
7. /ʌ/ but ; | 8. /uː/ moon ; |
9. /ʊ/ look ; | 10. /ɔː/ war ; |
11. /ɒ/ lot ; | 12. /ɑː/ hard . |
根扰元音的长短,我们可以把元音分为长元音和短元音。
In articulating a short vowel,the vowel-sound is sustained a short duration,such as:
发短元音时,声音持续时间较短。例如:
1. /ɪ/ pig ; | 2. /e/ let ; |
3. /æ/ map ; | 4. /ɒ/ hot ; |
5. /ʌ/ mud ; | 6. /ʊ/ good ; |
7. /ə/ about . |
In articulating a long vowel,the vowel-sound is sustained a long duration.The other vowels in English are relatively long.
发长元音时,声音持续时间较长。英语中其他元音均为长元音。例如:
1. /iː/ bee ; | 2. /ɜː/ work ; |
3. /ɑː/ hard ; | 4. /ɔː/ war ; |
5. /uː/ moon; |
什么是辅音?
发音时,气流在声道上受到单个或几个发音器官(包括双唇、牙齿、舌头、咽喉等)阻挡的是辅音。
下表中包含了英语中28个辅音。
The consonant sounds in English are shown in the chart below.
辅音的发音向来不受人们的重视,但是辅音其实是控制口腔气流的关键,掌握了辅音的发音要领,将大大提升你的听音辩词能力。下面我们详细介绍辅音的分类。
根据发音时声带是否振动,我们把辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音。
In articulating an unvoiced consonant,the vocal cords are not vibrating,such as:
发清辅音时,声带不振动。例如:
1. /p/ put | 2. /t/ tea |
3. /k/ cake | 4. /θ/ think |
5. /s/ sad | 6. /ʃ/ shy |
7. /tʃ/ chat | 8. /f/ fat |
9. /h/ have | 10. /tr/ tree |
11. /ts/ bets |
In articulating a voiced consonant,the vocal cords are vibrating,such as:
发浊辅音时,声带振动。例如:
1. /b/ bar | 2. /d/ dog |
3. /g/ game | 4. /ð/ that |
5. /z/ zoo | 6. /ʒ/ vision |
7. /dʒ/ joy | 8. /v/ very |
9. /w/ wait | 10. /m/ meal |
11. /n/ net | 12. /ŋ/ bank |
13. /l/ late | 14. /r/ rest |
15. /j/ year | 16. /dr/ dream |
17. /dz/ cards |
根据发音方式的不同,即气流在通过口腔或鼻腔时产生的不同效果,我们可以把辅音分为爆破音、塞擦音、摩擦音、鼻音、舌边音和半元音。
Stops are consonants formed by completely stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus,and then releasing the air,such as:
发爆破音时,先完全将气流阻挡在发音器官中,然后突然释放气流,发出爆破的声音。英语中一共有6个爆破音,它们是:
1. /p/:双唇爆破辅音; |
2. /b/:双唇爆破辅音; |
3. /t/:舌尖齿龈爆破辅音; |
4. /d/:舌尖齿龈爆破辅音; |
5. /k/:舌后软腭爆破辅音; |
6. /g/:舌后软腭爆破辅音; |
上面6个爆破音中,/p/、/t/、/k/是清辅音,因此要注意声带不能够振动。
Affricates are consonants that are formed by stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus,and then releasing the air relatively slowly so that a friction-sound is produced,such as:
破擦音的形成如爆破音,发破擦音时,首先将气流阻挡在发音器官中,但是要相对缓慢地释放气流以便摩擦成音。英语中一共有6个破擦音,它们是:
1. /tʃ/:舌端齿龈破擦辅音; |
2. /dʒ/:舌端齿龈破擦辅音; |
3. /tr/:齿龈后部破擦辅音; |
4. /dr/:齿龈后部破擦辅音; |
5. /ts/:舌端齿龈破擦辅音; |
6. /dz/:舌端齿龈破擦辅音; |
Fricatives are consonants that are formed by impeding the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus so that a friction-sound is produced,such as:
发摩擦音时,气流有阴碍的通过发音器官,以便摩擦成音。例如:
1. /s/:舌端齿龈摩擦辅音; |
2. /z/:舌端齿龈摩擦辅音; |
3. /ʃ/:舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音; |
4. /ʒ/:舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音; |
5. /f/:唇齿摩擦辅音; |
6. /v/:唇齿摩擦辅音; |
7. /θ/:舌尖齿背摩擦辅音; |
8. /ð/:舌尖齿背摩擦辅音; |
9. /h/:声门摩擦辅音; |
10. /r/:舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音。 |
Nasals are consonants that are formed by blocking the oral passage and allowing the air to escape through the nose,such as:
发鼻音时,气流在口腔中受到阻碍而从鼻腔中泄出。例如:
1. /m/:双唇鼻辅音; |
2. /n/:舌尖齿龈鼻辅音; |
3. /ŋ/:舌后软腭鼻辅音; |
A lateral is a consonant formed by allowing the air to escape around the sides of the tongue:
发舌边音时,气流从舌两侧泄出。英语中只有一个舌边音:
/l/ 舌端齿龈边辅音.
Semivowels are vowel-like consonants:that is ,the air-flow is not stopped or impeded so as to cause a friction-sound,but the aperture through which the air passes is smaller than the aperture of any vowel,such as:
半元音是有些像元音的辅音,也就是说,发半元音时,气流并不需要受阻而形成摩擦音,但气流通过的缝隙要小于发元音时通过的缝隙。例如:
1. /w/:舌后软腭半元音;
2. /j/:舌前硬腭半元音。
阅读了上前音标分类介绍还是觉得不够清晰明了,那么下面例出相关音标分类表,直观的查看音标的分类。
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