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IA32、x86 IA-32为Intel Architecture 32bit简称，即英特尔32位体系架构，在英特尔公司1985年推出的80386微处理器中首先采用。通常也被称为i386、x86-32、x86等。 IA64 IA64是后来intel和惠普联合推出的64位体系架构，但是不兼容原有的32位体系结构的应用程序，导致市场惨淡。 AMD64、x86-64、x64 后来AMD推出了兼容32位的64位集关于IA-32的扩展，之后改名为AMD64，Intel后来也采用该架构，称为x86-64或者x64。 x86是指intel的开发的一种32位指令集，从386开始时代开始的，一直沿用至今，是一种cisc指令集，所有intel早期的cpu，amd早期的cpu都支持这种指令集，ntel官方文档里面称为“IA-32” x84_64是x86 CPU开始迈向64位的时候，有2选择：1、向下兼容x86。2、完全重新设计指令集，不兼容x86。AMD抢跑了，比Intel率先制造出了商用的兼容 x86的CPU，AMD称之为AMD64，抢了64位PC的第一桶金，得到了用户的认同。而Intel选择了设计一种不兼容x86的全新64为指令集，称 之为IA-64（这玩意似乎就是安腾），但是比amd晚了一步，而且IA-64也挺惨淡的，因为是全新设计的CPU，没有编译器，也不支持 windows（微软把intel给忽悠了，承诺了会出安腾版windows server版，但是迟迟拿不出东西）。。。后来不得不在时机落后的情况下也开始支持AMD64的指令集，但是换了个名字，叫x86_64，表示是x86 指令集的64扩展，大概是不愿意承认这玩意是AMD设计出来的。 也就是说实际上，x86_64,x64,AMD64基本上是同一个东西，我们现在用的intel/amd的桌面级CPU基本上都是x86_64，与之相对的arm,ppc等都不是x86_64。 ———————————————— x86：Intel从16位微处理器8086开始的整个CPU芯片系列，系列中的每种型号都保持与以前的各种型号兼容，主要有8086，8088（前面两个是16位CPU），80186，80286（这两个是过渡产品）， 80386，80486以及以后各种型号的Pentium芯片[奔腾，P2, P4，赛扬...]（这些都是32位CPU）
x86-64：如下是维基百科上的解释，大致翻译一下，x86-64是x86指令集的超集，在x86处理器上可以运行的程序可以运行在x86-64上（这也是为啥现在买的一些64bits CPU可以直接运行Win XP的原因）。x86-64是AMD发明的，也叫AMD64，Intel克隆了一把，叫做Intel 64，也叫EM64T。 x86-64 is a 64-bit superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. Because the x86-64 instruction set is a superset of the x86 instruction set, all instructions in the x86 instruction set can be executed by central processing units (CPUs) that implement the x86-64 instruction set; therefore these CPUs can natively run programs that run on x86 processors from Intel, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and other vendors. x86-64 was designed by AMD, who have since renamed it AMD64. It has been cloned by Intel under the name Intel 64 (formerly known as EM64T among other names).[1] This leads to the common use of the names x86-64 or x64 as more vendor-neutral terms to collectively refer to the two nearly identical implementations.
x86和x86-64可以认为就是一种特定的指令集
i386：也是维基上的解释，也就是指Intel 80386，是第一个32位的x86架构的处理器，用了20多年了，后面出的 486（80486，i486），586（80586，Pentium，P5），686（80686，Pentium Pro，P6）等等都与之兼容。
The Intel 80386, otherwise known as the Intel386, i386 or just 386, is a microprocessor which has been used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers and workstations since 1986. It was the first x86 processor to have a 32-bit architecture, with a basic programming model that has remained virtually unchanged for over twenty years and remains completely backward compatible.
IA32：可以认为就是x86或者x86-32，也是一个指令集。
IA-32 (Intel Architecture, 32-bit), often generically called x86 or x86-32, is the instruction set architecture of Intel's most commercially successful microprocessors. It is a 32-bit extension, first implemented in the Intel 80386, of the earlier 16-bit Intel 8086, 80186 and 80286 processors and the common denominator for all subsequent x86 designs. This architecture defines the instruction set for the family of microprocessors installed in the vast majority of personal computers in the world.
IA64：就是所谓的安腾，Intel跟HP联合折腾的一种64-bits全新架构，与x86系列不兼容，它放弃了以前的x86架构，认为它严重阻碍了处理器的性能提高。由于它不能很好地解决与以前32位应用程序的兼容，所以应用受到较大的限制，尽管目前Intel采取了各种软、硬方法来弥补这一不足，但随着AMD Operon处理器的全面投入，Intel的IA－64架构的这两款处理器前景不容乐观。
Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intel has released two processor families using the brand: the original Itanium and the Itanium 2. Starting November 1, 2007, new members of the second family are again called Itanium. The processors are marketed for use in enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. The architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP) and was later developed by HP and Intel together.
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