1.样例类在Scala中样例类是一中特殊的类,样例类是不可变的, 可以通过值进行比较,可用于模式匹配。 定义一个样例类: 构造器中每一个参数都是val,除非显示地声明为var 伴生对象提供apply ,让你不使用new关键字就能构造出相应的对象 case class Point(x: Int, y: Int) 创建样例类对象: val point = Point(1, 2) val anotherPoint = Point(1, 2) val yetAnotherPoint = Point(2, 2) //访问对象值 point.x point.x =1 //不可以 通过值对样例类对象进行比较: if (point == anotherPoint) { println(point + " and " + anotherPoint + " are the same.") } else { println(point + " and " + anotherPoint + " are different.") } // Point(1,2) 和 Point(1,2)一样的.
if (point == yetAnotherPoint) { println(point + " and " + yetAnotherPoint + " are the same.") } else { println(point + " and " + yetAnotherPoint + " are different.") } // Point(1,2)和Point(2,2)是不同的. 样例类的拷贝 You can create a (shallow) copy of an instance of a case class simply by using the copy method. You can optionally change the constructor arguments. case class Message(sender: String, recipient: String, body: String) val message4 = Message("julien@bretagne.fr", "travis@washington.us", "Me zo o komz gant ma amezeg") val message5 = message4.copy(sender = message4.recipient, recipient = "claire@bourgogne.fr") message5.sender // travis@washington.us message5.recipient // claire@bourgogne.fr message5.body // "Me zo o komz gant ma amezeg" 在模式匹配中使用样例类: abstract class Amount // 继承了普通类的两个样例类 case class Dollar(value: Double) extends Amount case class Currency(value: Double, unit: String) extends Amount case object Nothing extends Amount object CaseClassDemo {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = { val amt = new Dollar(10); patternMatch(amt) } def patternMatch(amt: Amount) { amt match { case Dollar(v) => println("$" + v) case Currency(_, u) => println("Oh noes, I got " + u) case Nothing => println("nothing") //样例对象没有() } } } 声明样例类 ,以下几件事会自动发生: 提供unapply方法,让模式匹配可以工作 生成toString equals hashCode copy 方法,除非显示给出这些方法的定义。 2.模式匹配1.更好的switchScala中类似Java的switch代码: 注意: Scala的模式匹配只会匹配到一个分支,不需要使用break语句,因为它不会掉入到下一个分支。 match是表达式,与if表达式一样,是有值的: object PatternDemo {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = { var sign = 0 val ch: Char = 'p' val valchar = 'p' var digit = 0
//match 是表达式 ch match { case '+' => sign = 1 case '-' => sign = -1 //使用|分割多个选项 case '*' | 'x' => sign = 2 //可以使用变量 //如果case关键字后面跟着一个变量名,那么匹配的表达式会被赋值给那个变量。 case valchar => sign = 3 //case _ 类似Java中的default // 如果没有模式能匹配,会抛出MacthError //可以给模式添加守卫 case _ if Character.isDigit(ch) => digit = Character.digit(ch, 10) } println("sign = "+ sign) }
} 1常量模式(constant patterns) 包含常量变量和常量字面量scala> val site = "alibaba.com" scala> site match { case "alibaba.com" => println("ok") } scala> val ALIBABA="alibaba.com" //注意这里常量必须以大写字母开头 scala> def foo(s:String) { s match { case ALIBABA => println("ok") } } 常量模式和普通的 if 比较两个对象是否相等(equals) 没有区别,并没有感觉到什么威力 2 变量模式(variable patterns) 确切的说单纯的变量模式没有匹配判断的过程,只是把传入的对象给起了一个新的变量名。 scala> site match { case whateverName => println(whateverName) } 上面把要匹配的 site对象用 whateverName 变量名代替,所以它总会匹配成功。不过这里有个约定,对于变量,要求必须是以小写字母开头,否则会把它对待成一个常量变量,比如上面的whateverName 如果写成WhateverName就会去找这个WhateverName的变量,如果找到则比较相等性,找不到则出错。 变量模式通常不会单独使用,而是在多种模式组合时使用,比如 List(1,2) match{ case List(x,2) => println(x) } 里面的x就是对匹配到的第一个元素用变量x标记。 3 通配符模式(wildcard patterns) 通配符用下划线表示:"_" ,可以理解成一个特殊的变量或占位符。 单纯的通配符模式通常在模式匹配的最后一行出现,case _ => 它可以匹配任何对象,用于处理所有其它匹配不成功的情况。 通配符模式也常和其他模式组合使用: scala> List(1,2,3) match{ case List(_,_,3) => println("ok") } 上面的 List(_,_,3) 里用了2个通配符表示第一个和第二个元素,这2个元素可以是任意类型 通配符通常用于代表所不关心的部分,它不像变量模式可以后续的逻辑中使用这个变量。 4.样例类匹配//定义样例类 abstract class Notification case class Email(sender: String, title: String, body: String) extends Notification case class SMS(caller: String, message: String) extends Notification case class VoiceRecording(contactName: String, link: String) extends Notification
//基于样例类的模式匹配 def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = { notification match { case Email(email, title, _) => s"You got an email from $email with title: $title" case SMS(number, message) => s"You got an SMS from $number! Message: $message" case VoiceRecording(name, link) => s"you received a Voice Recording from $name! Click the link to hear it: $link" } } val someSms = SMS("12345", "Are you there?") val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123") println(showNotification(someSms)) //结果:You got an SMS from 12345! Message: Are you there? println(showNotification(someVoiceRecording)) //结果:you received a Voice Recording from Tom! Click the link to hear it: voicerecording.org/id/123 2.带守卫的模式增加布尔表达式或者条件表达式使得匹配更具体。 def showImportantNotification(notification: Notification, importantPeopleInfo: Seq[String]): String = { notification match { //仅匹配email在importantPeople列表里的内容 case Email(email, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(email) => "You got an email from special someone!" case SMS(number, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(number) => "You got an SMS from special someone!" case other => showNotification(other) // nothing special, delegate to our original showNotification function } }
val importantPeopleInfo = Seq("867-5309", "jenny@gmail.com")
val someSms = SMS("867-5309", "Are you there?") val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123") val importantEmail = Email("jenny@gmail.com", "Drinks tonight?", "I'm free after 5!") val importantSms = SMS("867-5309", "I'm here! Where are you?")
println(showImportantNotification(someSms, importantPeopleInfo)) println(showImportantNotification(someVoiceRecording, importantPeopleInfo)) println(showImportantNotification(importantEmail, importantPeopleInfo)) println(showImportantNotification(importantSms, importantPeopleInfo)) 5.类型匹配可以对表达式类型进行匹配: val arr = Array("hs", 1, 2.0, 'a') val obj = arr(Random.nextInt(4)) println(obj) obj match { case x: Int => println(x) case s: String => println(s.toUpperCase) case _: Double => println(Int.MaxValue) case _ => 0 } 注意: 当你在匹配类型的时候,必须给出一个变量名,否则你将会拿对象本身来进行匹配: obj match { case _: BigInt => Int.MaxValue // 匹配任何类型为BigInt的对象 case BigInt => -1 // 匹配类型为Class的BigInt对象 } 匹配发生在运行期,Java虚拟机中泛型的类型信息是被擦掉的。因此,你不能用类型来匹配特定的Map类型。 case m: Map[String, Int] => ... // error // 可以匹配一个通用的映射 case m: Map[_, _] => ... // OK
// 但是数组作为特殊情况,它的类型信息是完好的,可以匹配到Array[Int] case m: Array[Int] => ... // OK 3.匹配数组、列表、元组数组匹配 val arr1 = Array(1,1) val res = arr1 match { case Array(0) => "0" //匹配包含0的数组 case Array(x, y) => s"$x $y" // 匹配任何带有两个元素的数组,并将元素绑定到x和y case Array(0, _*) => "0..." //匹配任何以0开始的数组 case _ => "something else" } 列表匹配 val lst = List(1,2) val res2 = list match { case 0 :: Nil => "0" case x :: y :: Nil => x + " " + y case 0 :: tail => "0 ..." case _ => "something else" } 元组匹配 var pair = (1,2) val res3 = pair match { case (0, _) => "0 ..." case (y, 0) => s"$y 0" case _ => "neither is 0" } 4.Sealed 类(密封类,备选)Scala中,Traits 和classes可以被关键字sealed修饰, 修饰,被该关键字修饰后,它所有的子类都必须在同一文件中被定义。 这样做的好处是:当你用样例类来做模式匹配时,你可以让编译器确保你已经列出了所有可能的选择,编译器可以检查模式语句的完整性。 sealed abstract class Furniture case class Couch() extends Furniture case class Chair() extends Furniture //此时无需定义能匹配所有的类型了 def findPlaceToSit(piece: Furniture): String = piece match { case a: Couch => "Lie on the couch" case b: Chair => "Sit on the chair" }
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