Explain简介本文主要讲述如何通过 explain 命令获取 select 语句的执行计划,通过 explain 我们可以知道以下信息:表的读取顺序,数据读取操作的类型,哪些索引可以使用,哪些索引实际使用了,表之间的引用,每张表有多少行被优化器查询等信息。 下面是使用 explain 的例子: 在 select 语句之前增加 explain 关键字,MySQL 会在查询上设置一个标记,执行查询时,会返回执行计划的信息,而不是执行这条SQL(如果 from 中包含子查询,仍会执行该子查询,将结果放入临时表中)。 mysql> explain select * from actor;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ 在查询中的每个表会输出一行,如果有两个表通过 join 连接查询,那么会输出两行。表的意义相当广泛:可以是子查询、一个 union 结果等。 explain 有两个变种: 1)explain extended:会在 explain 的基础上额外提供一些查询优化的信息。紧随其后通过 show warnings 命令可以 得到优化后的查询语句,从而看出优化器优化了什么。额外还有 filtered 列,是一个半分比的值,rows * filtered/100 可以估算出将要和 explain 中前一个表进行连接的行数(前一个表指 explain 中的id值比当前表id值小的表)。 mysql> explain extended select * from film where id = 1;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+mysql> show warnings;+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Level | Code | Message |+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from `test`.`film` where 1 |+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2)explain partitions:相比 explain 多了个 partitions 字段,如果查询是基于分区表的话,会显示查询将访问的分区。 explain 中的列接下来我们将展示 explain 中每个列的信息。 1. id列id列的编号是 select 的序列号,有几个 select 就有几个id,并且id的顺序是按 select 出现的顺序增长的。MySQL将 select 查询分为简单查询和复杂查询。复杂查询分为三类:简单子查询、派生表(from语句中的子查询)、union 查询。 1)简单子查询 mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor limit 1) from film;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index || 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 2)from子句中的子查询 mysql> explain select id from (select id from film) as der;+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL || 2 | DERIVED | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 这个查询执行时有个临时表别名为der,外部 select 查询引用了这个临时表 3)union查询 mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1;+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used || 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used || NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ union结果总是放在一个匿名临时表中,临时表不在SQL总出现,因此它的id是NULL。 2. select_type列select_type 表示对应行是是简单还是复杂的查询,如果是复杂的查询,又是上述三种复杂查询中的哪一种。 1)simple:简单查询。查询不包含子查询和union mysql> explain select * from film where id = 2;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 2)primary:复杂查询中最外层的 select 3)subquery:包含在 select 中的子查询(不在 from 子句中) 4)derived:包含在 from 子句中的子查询。MySQL会将结果存放在一个临时表中,也称为派生表(derived的英文含义) 用这个例子来了解 primary、subquery 和 derived 类型 mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor where id = 1) from (select * from film where id = 1) der;+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived3> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | NULL || 3 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL || 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ 5)union:在 union 中的第二个和随后的 select 6)union result:从 union 临时表检索结果的 select 用这个例子来了解 union 和 union result 类型: mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1;+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used || 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used || NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |+----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ 3. table列这一列表示 explain 的一行正在访问哪个表。 当 from 子句中有子查询时,table列是 <derivenN> 格式,表示当前查询依赖 id=N 的查询,于是先执行 id=N 的查询。当有 union 时,UNION RESULT 的 table 列的值为 <union1,2>,1和2表示参与 union 的 select 行id。 4. type列这一列表示关联类型或访问类型,即MySQL决定如何查找表中的行。 依次从最优到最差分别为:system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL NULL:mysql能够在优化阶段分解查询语句,在执行阶段用不着再访问表或索引。例如:在索引列中选取最小值,可以单独查找索引来完成,不需要在执行时访问表 mysql> explain select min(id) from film;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Select tables optimized away |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
mysql> explain extended select * from (select * from film where id = 1) tmp;+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL || 2 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+mysql> show warnings;+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+| Level | Code | Message |+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from dual |+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+ eq_ref:primary key 或 unique key 索引的所有部分被连接使用 ,最多只会返回一条符合条件的记录。这可能是在 const 之外最好的联接类型了,简单的 select 查询不会出现这种 type。 mysql> explain select * from film_actor left join film on film_actor.film_id = film.id;+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | index | NULL | idx_film_actor_id | 8 | NULL | 3 | Using index || 1 | SIMPLE | film | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.film_actor.film_id | 1 | NULL |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
1. 简单 select 查询,name是普通索引(非唯一索引) mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1";+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+2.关联表查询,idx_film_actor_id是film_id和actor_id的联合索引,这里使用到了film_actor的左边前缀film_id部分。 mysql> explain select * from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id;+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index || 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1" or name is null;+----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
mysql> explain select * from role where id = 11011 or tenant_id = 8888;+----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | role | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | 4,4 | NULL | 134 | Using union(PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id); Using where |+----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
mysql> explain select * from actor where id > 1;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
mysql> explain select count(*) from film;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
mysql> explain select * from actor;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ 5. possible_keys列这一列显示查询可能使用哪些索引来查找。 explain 时可能出现 possible_keys 有列,而 key 显示 NULL 的情况,这种情况是因为表中数据不多,mysql认为索引对此查询帮助不大,选择了全表查询。 如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查 where 子句看是否可以创造一个适当的索引来提高查询性能,然后用 explain 查看效果。 6. key列这一列显示mysql实际采用哪个索引来优化对该表的访问。 如果没有使用索引,则该列是 NULL。如果想强制mysql使用或忽视possible_keys列中的索引,在查询中使用 force index、ignore index。 7. key_len列这一列显示了mysql在索引里使用的字节数,通过这个值可以算出具体使用了索引中的哪些列。 举例来说,film_actor的联合索引 idx_film_actor_id 由 film_id 和 actor_id 两个int列组成,并且每个int是4字节。通过结果中的key_len=4可推断出查询使用了第一个列:film_id列来执行索引查找。 mysql> explain select * from film_actor where film_id = 2;+----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ key_len计算规则如下:
索引最大长度是768字节,当字符串过长时,mysql会做一个类似左前缀索引的处理,将前半部分的字符提取出来做索引。 8. ref列这一列显示了在key列记录的索引中,表查找值所用到的列或常量,常见的有:const(常量),func,NULL,字段名(例:film.id) 9. rows列这一列是mysql估计要读取并检测的行数,注意这个不是结果集里的行数。 10. Extra列这一列展示的是额外信息。常见的重要值如下:
mysql> explain select distinct name from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id;+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index; Using temporary || 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index; Distinct |+----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+
mysql> explain select id from film order by id;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
mysql> explain select * from film where id > 1;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
1. actor.name没有索引,此时创建了张临时表来distinct mysql> explain select distinct name from actor;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using temporary |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using index,没有用临时表 mysql> explain select distinct name from film;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1. actor.name未创建索引,会浏览actor整个表,保存排序关键字name和对应的id,然后排序name并检索行记录 mysql> explain select * from actor order by name;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using filesort |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using indexmysql> explain select * from film order by name;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 使用的表以上所有sql使用的表和数据: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `actor`;CREATE TABLE `actor` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL, `update_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;INSERT INTO `actor` (`id`, `name`, `update_time`) VALUES (1,'a','2017-12-22 15:27:18'), (2,'b','2017-12-22 15:27:18'), (3,'c','2017-12-22 15:27:18');DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `film`;CREATE TABLE `film` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_name` (`name`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;INSERT INTO `film` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (3,'film0'),(1,'film1'),(2,'film2');DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `film_actor`;CREATE TABLE `film_actor` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `film_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `actor_id` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_film_actor_id` (`film_id`,`actor_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;INSERT INTO `film_actor` (`id`, `film_id`, `actor_id`) VALUES (1,1,1),(2,1,2),(3,2,1); 参考
|
|
来自: jackeyqing > 《数据库》