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中考英语语法丨形容词专题讲座!

 当以读书通世事 2020-01-27

形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。

2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。

按其结构,可分为单个形容词和复合形容词。前者由一个单词(如good, short, happy)构成,而后者则由两个以上的单词(如well-known, kind-hearted, five-year-old)构成.

形容词的分类:

1. 品质形容词 英语中大量形容词属于这一类,他们表示人或物的品质,如:

He’s the happiest man on earth. 他是地球上最快乐的人。

The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。

You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。

这类形容词一般都能用于比较级,如 bigger, simpler, younger.

2. 类属形容词 这类形容词表示属于哪一类,如:

These subjects reflect our daily lives. 这些题材反映我们的日常生活。

This medicine is for external use only. 此药仅供外用。

这类形容词一般都不能用于比较级。

3. 颜色形容词 有少数表示颜色的形容词,如:

His face went purple with rage. 他的脸气得发青。

She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件蓝色的外套。

Carrots are orange. 胡萝卜是 橘红色的。

这类词前面还可加light, pale, dark, deep, bright 等词,如:

light brown hair 淡蓝色头发

a pale green dress 淡绿色裙服

a deep blue skirt 深蓝色的裙子

a dark grey suit 深灰色的套服

4. 强调形容词 有些形容词起强调作用,如:

It’s an utter mystery. 这完全是个谜。

I have perfect trust in his judgement. 我绝对信任他的判断力。

5. -ing 形容词

1)有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词,如:

It was a tiring journey. 这真是一趟累人的旅行。

This is a convincing argument. 这是个有说服力的论据。

这样的形容词多由及物动词变来。有很多也是品质形容词,有时可用于最高级(如most amazing, most disappointing)。

3) 还有一些-ing形容词并不与动词有关,如:

neighbouring cities 邻近的城市 a cunning trick 狡猾的计谋

6. –ed形容词

1)大多数-ed形容词都与及物动词有关,是由它们的过去分词变过来的,一般有被动意义,多数为品质形容词,如:

She looked embarrassed. 他好象很尴尬。

These people are from distressed areas. 这些人来自贫苦地区。

I felt depressed. 我感到很沮丧。

2) 有些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词,也由动词的过去分词变来,但不能用于比较级,如:

You have to pass the required examination to become a doctor. 你需要通过规定的考试才能成为医生。

She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。

3)有少数-ed形容词,不是由动词,而是由名词变来的:

skilled workers 技术工人 salaried class 工薪阶层

a flowered headscarf 印花头巾

还有少数-ed形容词,和动词名词都没有关系:

beloved leaders 受爱戴的领导 his deceased aunt 他死去的姨

4) 有些-ed 的形容词包含有副词:

a well-equipped army 一支装备精良的部队 a well-known musician 著名的音乐家

2)还有一些形容词和不及物动词有关,如:

We hope to lessen the existing tension. 我们希望缓解目前的紧张局势。

He’s one of the greatest living composers. 他是当今最伟大的作曲家之一。

这类形容词只能作定语,不能用于比较级。

7. 合成形容词

1)形容词在英语中是比较普遍的,最常见的有:

a. 形容词+名词+ed: good-natured 天性善良的

b. 副词+过去分词:low-paid 工资很低的

c. 形容词+现在分词: easy-going 好说话的

d. 副词+现在分词: low-lying 低洼的

e. 名词+现在分词:heart-breaking 令人心碎的

f. 形容词+名词: present-day 当代的

2)还有一些其他类型的合成形容词,如:

a two-piece suit 两件套的西服

all-out attempt 全力以赴的努力

take-home pay 扣税后的实得工资

3)还有一些三个或更多词构成的和成形容词,如:

wait-and-see policy 观望政策 heart-to-heart talk 推心置腹的谈话

an out-of-the-way place 偏僻之地 an-out-of-date driving license 过期驾照

形容词在句中的位置

1. 形容词在句中主要可用作

1)定语:

What a fine day! 多好的天气!

He is a self-made man. 他是个自学成材的人。

2)表语:

The scene was horrifying. 这景象很恐怖。

I am getting bored and homesick. 我感到有些厌烦想家。

His comments were well-meant. 他说这些都是出于好心。

3)宾语的补语(构成合成宾语):

I find this hot weather very trying. 我感到这种炎热天气很难受。

Do you think it necessary? 你认为这有必要吗?

4)状语:

She was back, eager to see her friends. 她回来了,极想见她的朋友们。

She gave him the overcoat, anxious to be of service. 她把大衣拿给他,极愿为他服务。

He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他又饿又累的回到家里。

2. 形容词在句中的位置

有的形容词放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置形容词;少数形容词放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置形容词。

1)当名词被多个前置形容词修饰时,形容词之间有一个先后顺序问题。一般规则为:

(限定词)→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→(名词)。 用一句话来说就是“美小圆旧黄,法国木书房”。如:

There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village.

村子附近有一座著名的漂亮的古代石桥。

I bought a cheap blue plastic pencil box yesterday.

昨天我买了一个便宜的蓝色塑料铅笔盒

They have got such a round brown wooden table.

他们有一张褐色的木制圆桌。

2)当形容词词组相当于一个定语从句时,或形容词用来修饰somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的时候,便会出现后置形容词。如:

The boy (who is) interested in music is my brother.

对音乐赶兴趣的那个男孩是我弟弟。

Guilin is a city (which is) famous for its scenery.

桂林是一个以风景闻名的城市。

Do you have anything interesting to tell us?

你有什么趣闻告诉我们吗?

There is nothing wrong with the machine.

这台机器没有毛病。

有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化。

原级→ 比较级→ 最高级

good/well 好的→ better→ best

bad/ill 坏的 →worse →worst

many/much 多的 →more→ most

little 少的→ less →least

far 远的 →further→ furthest

farther →farthest

old 老的 →older→ oldest

elder →eldest

2. 形容词比较级的用法

1)形容词的比较级可以单独使用:

Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。

It was quieter outside. 外面安静点了。

It couldn’t be easier. 不能再容易了。

This car is more expensive. 这辆车比较贵。

Who is taller? 谁高一点?

Which book is better? 哪本书更好?

1. 形容词比较级和最高级的构成

1)单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成

2) 多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如:

原级 比较级 最高级

useful more useful most useful

difficult more difficult most difficult

delicious more delicious most delicious

2)也可以和than连用,表示两者相比,than后可以跟:

a. 名词或代词(若为人称代词,在口语中多用宾格):

He is older than me. 他年龄比我大。

Tokyo is bigger than New York. 东京比纽约大。

b. 动名词:

Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。

This is more interesting than sitting in an office. 这比坐办公室更有意思。

c. 从句:

I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。

He is stronger than I expected. 他比我预料的更健壮。

d. 状语:

She felt worse than usual. 她感到比平时更难受。

He is busier than ever. 他比过去更忙了。

e. 跟其它成分(如动词、形容词等):

It’s better to be prepared than unprepared. 有准备比没准备好。

She was more surprised than angry. 她吃惊甚于生气。

He was more lucky than clever. 他是运气好,而不是聪明。

3 形容词比较级的修饰语

1)形容词比较级前可加much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly之类表示程度的状语:

He’s feeling a lot better today. 他感到今天好多了。

She’s a little bit better now. 她现在稍稍好点了。

It’s slightly warmer today. 今天稍微暖和一点。

2)也可在比较级前any, no, some, even, still这类词:

Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好一点了吗?

She was no older than Zilla. 他并不比齐拉大。

This book is even more useful than that. 这本书甚至比那本书更有用。

3)比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词:

Shall I get a couple more chairs? 我要不要再搬两把椅子来?

My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十岁。

You’re a head taller than Jane. 你比简高一个头。

4. 形容词比较级的特殊用法

和more有关的词组

1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:

The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 越努力,进步越大。

2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:

He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。

3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多。例如:

The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。

no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:

He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。

4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:

She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。

和less有关的词组

5) less than 不到… 不太:

In less than a week, the MS was ready. 不到一周稿子就准备好了。

6)no less than 多达 不少于

He won no less than $5oo. 他赢了不少于500美圆。

No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。

7) more or less 基本上 大体上 大约

The work is more or less finished. 这项工作基本上完成了。

The answers were more or less right. 这些回答大体上是正确的。

另外, 还有as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

8) 在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。

例如:

He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。

9) 当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:

This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。

I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。

10)表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:

This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。

Your room is the same size as mine.

你的房间和我的一样大。

Spring is coming. The trees are green, and the flowers are beautiful.

多么美的季节啊!我们要去郊游, 去感受、去描绘我们周围美好的事物。形容词会帮你忙。可是形容词怎么使用起来老出错呀?不是放错了位置,搞错了级别,就是在使用多个形容词作定语时排错了顺序。当然了,形容词使用时需要遵循一些规则的。

a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作

定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律:冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。

There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮,为什么wrong放在

something的后面呢?原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的,但当形容词所修饰的词为something,anything,nothing,everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时,形容词要后置。

形容词级别问题:

a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。(我们的教室是他们的两倍。)这种表示倍数的句子用 …times +形容词比较级+than … 这样的格式。你记住了吗

b. I'm three years older than you.(我比你大三岁。)表示'大三岁,''高二厘米'等时用'表示数量词的词+比较级'。

c.'越来越……'用'比较级+and +比较级'来表示。如:The earth is getting warmer and warmer。(地球变得越来越暖和。)

d.'越……就越……'用'the +比较级…,the+比较级…'来表示。如:

The busier he is,the happier he feels。(他越忙,越觉得高兴。)

最高级用法的用法就很简单了,提醒你一点,最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的:

alone 和lonely:I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用

'alone' 表示'单独的'、'独自一人的',它表示一个客观事实,在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞,

用'lonely',表示主观上感到 '孤独''寂寞',指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪,可作定语和表语。

older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用'older',表示'年纪大的,年老的',常用做表语;他是我的长兄用'elder',表示'年老的,年长的',用做定语,只用于比较两个人的长幼,只能作表语。

形容词专题练习:

1.The ice cream tasted so ______ that the kids asked for some more.

A.bad B.badly C.delicious D.well

2.Now telephones are very popular and they are much ______ than before.

A. cheap B. cheaper

C. cheapest D. the cheapest

3.We all love Miss Yang.She always makes her history class very _______ .

A.interest B.interests

C.interesting D. interested

4. Nothing in the world is ____ if you put your heart into it.

A. impossible B. important

C. interesting D. necessary

5. The busier he is , the _______he feels .

A. happily B. happy

C. happier D. more happy

6.-Why don't you like pigs,Molly?

-Because they are ______.

A. cute B. smart C. friendly D. ugly

7.-Whom would you like to be your assistant, Jack or David?

-If I had to choose, David would be ____choice.

A.good B.better C. the better D.the best

8. Carl felt ______ because he won the first prize in the school singing competition.

A. interested B. proud C. angry D. worried

9. -The accident was really terrible.

-Yes, it was. The young man on the bicycle was too _________.

A. careless B. careful

C. carelessly D. carefully

10. -Which country has ____________ population, Japan, India or China?

-Japan, of course.

A. small B. smaller

C. smallest D. the smallest

11. English is as_________as maths .

A. better B. much useful C.much important D. important

12._________wishes for Teachers' Day!

A. Tall B. Fast C. Best D. Short

13. This kind of TV set looks_________and sells_________in this shop.

A. nice; well B. nice; good C. well; well D. good; nice

14. l want_________eggs. I have eaten too much.

A. no more B. some more C. much more D. many more

15. I'd like to know if Lin Tao is the second_________boy in his class.

A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest

16. The smile on my father's face showed that he was _____ with me.

A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry

17. -How well did you do in the maths exam?

-Better than before. I think it was _______ difficult than the last one.

A. more B. less C. much D. very

18.-I feel really_______before the interview .

-Take it easy.Sure you are the best.

A.patient B.serious C.nervous D.cool

19.-What about this T shirt?

-I don't like the color,Plcase show me________one.

A.other B.the other C.another D.each other

20. Susan is always the best in different exams in our class because she is a_______girl.

A. helpful B. polite C. proud D.hard-working

答案:

1-5 CBCAC 6-10 DCBAD

11-15 DCAAC 16-20 BBCCD

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