都说膳食纤维对健康重要,可是你知道膳食纤维有哪些好处吗?今天食与心带你详细了解膳食纤维的好处及原因,探讨膳食纤维有益同时有无风险的问题。 一. 膳食纤维种类及其来源 膳食纤维,是人体必须的第七大营养元素,一般认为不能被人体胃肠道直接消化,因而无法产生热量,但对于生理健康非常重要。根据在水中的溶解性和在人体肠道的发酵情况,膳食纤维可分为,可溶性纤维和不可溶性纤维,可发酵纤维和不可发酵纤维。 可溶性膳食纤维主要包括果胶、果聚糖(如菊粉和低聚果糖)、β-葡聚糖、乳糖、人乳低聚糖、低聚半乳糖、海带多糖、棉子糖和水苏糖等,可溶于水,可被肠道细菌发酵产生各种代谢产物,比如短链脂肪酸;不可溶性膳食纤维主要包括纤维素、半纤维素、抗性淀粉和木质素等,不溶于水,但部分可被肠道微生物代谢。 膳食纤维是人体健康必须的营养元素,膳食纤维多寡是评价饮食是否健康的关键指标之一。但是依赖膳食纤维供养的主要并不是人类本身,而是人类的肠道共生微生物; 不同膳食纤维可促进肠道不同细菌生长 高纤维饮食可提升肠道健康水平 膳食纤维可通过调控肠道微生物的种类及其生长,改善肠道健康和肠脑功能,通过肠-脑轴、肠-肝轴、肠-肾轴、肠-心-肾轴和肠-肺轴等等促进人体身心健康[1, 2]。 二. 膳食纤维对人有哪些好处 膳食纤维发挥有益作用,一方面是通过膳食纤维本身,一方面是通过膳食纤维的活性代谢产物——短链脂肪酸/SCFAs实现的,主要是三种短链脂肪酸——乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,人体90-95%的短链脂肪酸在大肠产生。由于人体很多器官细胞表面都有识别短链脂肪酸的游离脂肪酸受体,膳食纤维的影响除了消化道,还可达到全身多个器官[1-25]。下面,食与心带你简单了解膳食纤维对人体的影响。 膳食纤维通过其代谢产物乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,影响全身健康 1) 预防和治疗便秘
2) 增强肠道屏障功能,预防和改善肠漏
膳食纤维可促进肠道有益菌生长,降低肠粘膜渗透性,降低肠道炎症,增强肠道免疫功能 3) 解毒功能
4) 预防炎症性肠病(包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎)
5) 降低结直肠癌风险(主要是短链脂肪酸中的丁酸)
6) 抗炎症、提高免疫力
7) 促进钙吸收,预防骨质疏松
8) 增加饱腹感,帮助减肥
9) 改善血糖调控,预防和改善二型糖尿病
10) 降低低密度胆固醇即坏胆固醇浓度
更重要的部分在后边,比如膳食纤维的其他12项好处及有无风险,敬请注意阅读! 参考文献: 1 Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, et al. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2019, 16: 461-78. 2 Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology from the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2018, 12: 33. 3 Montemurno E, Cosola C, Dalfino G, et al. What Would You Like to Eat, Mr Ckd Microbiota? A Mediterranean Diet, Please! Kidney Blood Press Res, 2014, 39: 114-23. 4 Marques F Z, Mackay C R, Kaye D M. Beyond Gut Feelings: How the Gut Microbiota Regulates Blood Pressure. Nature reviews Cardiology, 2018, 15: 20-32. 5 Yang T, Richards E M, Pepine C J, et al. The Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Gut-Kidney Axis in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2018, 14: 442-56. 6 Makki K, Deehan E C, Walter J, et al. The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 23: 705-15. 7 van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Lyte J M, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites That Alleviate Stress-Induced Brain-Gut Axis Alterations. The Journal of physiology, 2018, 596: 4923-44. 8 Singh J, Metrani R, Shivanagoudra S R, et al. Review on Bile Acids: Effects of the Gut Microbiome, Interactions with Dietary Fiber, and Alterations in the Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2019, 67: 9124-38. 9 Cai Y, Folkerts J, Folkerts G, et al. Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Dietary Fibre on Human Health. Br J Pharmacol, 2019, 10 Szmidt M K, Kaluza J, Harris H R, et al. Long-Term Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Women. European journal of nutrition, 2019, 11 Kieffer D A, Martin R J, Adams S H. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Advances in nutrition, 2016, 7: 1111-21. 12 Krawczyk M, Maciejewska D, Ryterska K, et al. Gut Permeability Might Be Improved by Dietary Fiber in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld) Undergoing Weight Reduction. Nutrients, 2018, 10: 13 Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell, 2016, 165: 1332-45. 14 Kim Y, Je Y. Dietary Fibre Intake and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease and All Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 2016, 109: 39-54. 15 Khan N A, Raine L B, Drollette E S, et al. Dietary Fiber Is Positively Associated with Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children. The Journal of nutrition, 2015, 145: 143-9. 16 Kaluza J, Harris H, Wallin A, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Men. Epidemiology, 2018, 29: 254-60. 17 Trompette A, Gollwitzer E S, Pattaroni C, et al. Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c(-) Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Cd8(+) T Cell Metabolism. Immunity, 2018, 48: 992-1005 e8. 18 Vaughan A, Frazer Z A, Hansbro P M, et al. Copd and the Gut-Lung Axis: The Therapeutic Potential of Fibre. Journal of thoracic disease, 2019, 11: S2173-S80. 19 McAleer J P, Kolls J K. Contributions of the Intestinal Microbiome in Lung Immunity. European journal of immunology, 2018, 48: 39-49. 20 Matt S M, Allen J M, Lawson M A, et al. Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1832. 21 Ohira H, Tsutsui W, Fujioka Y. Are Short Chain Fatty Acids in Gut Microbiota Defensive Players for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis? Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2017, 24: 660-72. 22 Smith A P, Sutherland D, Hewlett P. An Investigation of the Acute Effects of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin on Subjective Wellbeing, Mood and Cognitive Performance. Nutrients, 2015, 7: 8887-96. 23 Hassevoort K M, Lin A S, Khan N A, et al. Added Sugar and Dietary Fiber Consumption Are Associated with Creativity in Preadolescent Children. Nutritional neuroscience, 2018, 1-12. 24 Yang J J, Yu D, Xiang Y B, et al. Association of Dietary Fiber and Yogurt Consumption with Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis. JAMA oncology, 2019, 25 Llorente C, Schnabl B. The Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 1: 275-84. 26 Singh V, Yeoh B S, Chassaing B, et al. Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Cell, 2018, 175: 679-94 e22. |
|