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Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（杰弗里·乔叟） 1. Life（生平） In 1340, Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, a son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He is the founder of English poetry. Chaucer was a royal butler and had several occasions to Belgium, France and Italy. Thus, French culture and Italy humanist literature represented by Dante, Pytlak and Bio had a great influence on him. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”. 1340年，杰弗里·乔叟出生于伦敦，是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。他是英语诗歌的创始者。 乔叟曾充任王室管家，数度出使比利时、法国和意大利。乔叟早年受法国文学和以但丁、彼特拉克与薄伽丘为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。 乔叟逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，“诗人角”开始出现。 2. Main works（主要作品） Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385)《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》 The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》 3. Chaucer’ s Literary Career（文学生平） Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods. The first period consists of works translated from French, the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English. 乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是从法语翻译过来的，第二阶段则改编于意大利，如《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。 4. Selected works（选读作品） ◆The Canterbury Tales（1386-1400）《坎特伯雷故事集》 (1) Main plot（内容提要） The poet and other travelers went to Canterbury on a pilgrimage. They decided that every person told two stories as entertainment. The story-tellers come from different classes and occupations, including knight, merchant, monk and doctors etc. 诗人与一群不约而同前往坎特怕雷朝圣的香客结识并结伴同行。他们决定每人讲两个故事，作为消遣。讲述者中间有武士、商人、僧尼、医生等不同阶层和职业的人物。 (2) Social Significances of The Canterbury Tales（社会影响） a. Through the depiction of the characters and stories, it shows a vivid English social-life picture of the 14thcentury. It also reflects the rise of the bourgeoisie and its mental attitude. b. Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church. a. 通过人物介绍与故事的叙述，作品生动地反映了英国十四世纪的社会生活，展示了反映资产阶级的兴起及其精神面貌的现实生活图景。 b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。 c. 赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。 d. 展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。 (3) Chaucer’ s Language（乔叟的语言） a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, (especially the heroic couplet) to English poetry. c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style. a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。 b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）介绍到英国。 c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。 d. 乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。
1. Ballad（民谣） (1) Ballads are oral literature of the English people. (2) A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. (3) The subjects of ballads are various such as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, and the criticism of the civil war. (4) “Robin Hood” is the most important ballad of that time. Robin Hood lived in the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor and fighting against bishops. (1) 民谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。 (2) 民谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事，通常由4行组成一节，其中第二和第四行押韵。 (3) 民谣内容多样，有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的，有爱情和财富冲突的，有关于嫉妒残忍行动的，有批判国内战乱的。 (4) 其中，罗宾汉民谣是最重要的。罗宾汉同他的伙伴们一起逍遥地生活在绿林中，劫富济贫，与教会作斗争。 2. Robin Hood and Allin·a-Dale《罗宾汉和埃林阿代尔》 A knight grabbed common women and Robin Hood tried to prevent him and saved the women. 骑士强夺民妇，罗宾汉路遇不平、拔刀相助，最后救出了妇女。 3. The Babes in the Wood《林中孩童》 (1) Main plot（内容提要） An uncle plotted to take heritage and killed his nephew and niece. Suffering from retribution, the uncle dissipated all his fortune and died in prison from debt. 一个叔父为了谋夺遗产，害死侄儿侄女。后天理报应，叔父倾家荡产，终因负债死于狱中。 (2) Moral（寓意） The moral of the story is to encourage people to do good deeds. 故事的寓意在于劝人为善。 |
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第1章 复习笔记
