第一部分：词法中考考点 一、名词 一、名词的复数：1. 名词变复数的规则形式1).一般情况下直接加s book------books cup--- cups 2). 以辅音字母+y 结尾的，先变y 为i 再加es . city-------cities family--- families 3).以s、x、sh、ch 结尾的加es . bus-----buses wish------wishes watch---- wathes 4).以o 结尾的多数加S初中阶段只有三个单词加es . tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero--- heroes 5).以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe 变v 再加es . leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life-- lives thief- thieves 2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth-- teeth mouse- mice 3. 单数和复数形式相同。deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese----- Chinese Japanese- Japanese 4. 某国人的复数。1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese- Japanese 2). 英、法变。 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman-- Frenchmen 3). 其 余 s 加 后 面 。 American -----Americans German-- Germans Australian- Australians 二、不可数名词： 1.不可数名词：1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a 或an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用some、any、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用“量词短语”表示 2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法： a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词a piece of paper a
cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格：1. ’s 所有格。1).用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”
This is (Mary
and Lily) bedroom . 2). 1).用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.” These are (Tom
and Jack ) school bags . 3). 以s 结尾的名词，变所有格时在 s 后加“’”,不以 s 结尾的复数名词，仍加“’s”Teachers’ Day Children’s Day 4). 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加 ’s 代表全称。at the doctor’s at
the Bob’s 5). 由some、any、no、every 与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在 else 的后面。 Thisis (somebody
else ) pencil . 6). 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加’s 来构成所有格。an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital 2. of 所有格：1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。 the map of China the door of the room
2).双重所有格： of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物住代词He is a friend of my (brother
) . Is she a daughterof (you)? 四、名词作句子成分： 1.名词作主语1). 表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Twohours (be)
enough for us to get there . 2). 量词短语“数字+量词+ of+…”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。A
pair of shoes (be) under the
bed . Two pieces of paper (be) on the desk. 3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with.. ）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词 保持一致。 The teacher with the students (be) planting trees on the hill . 4). 短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also…”连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。 Neither he nor I (be)
a Frenchman . 2.名词作定语：1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。 There is a shoe factory near the school . 2).名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport )
The sports meeting will be held next week . 3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时，man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。one man teacher two women teachers 冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词 a 和an 的用法，定冠词the 的用法和零冠词的用法等。一.a 和 an的区别 不定冠词有a 和an 两种形式，a 用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an 用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。 例如：a boy, a university, a European country;an hour, anhonor, an island,an elephant, an umbrella, an
honest man ,a useful book 不看字母看读音,不见原因(元音)别施恩(n) 二.不定冠词的用法 1. 泛指某一类人、事或物；相当于any，这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。A horst is
an animal 2. 泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is
waiting for you. 3. 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a computer. 4. 表示“每一”，相当于every.I go to school
five days a week.我一周上五天课。 5. 用在序数词前，表示“又一”，“再一”。I have
three books. I want to buy a fourth one. 6. 用在某些固定词组中：a lot(of),
after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry
,for a long time,have a good time ,have a look 三.定冠词的用法 1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。The book on the desk is mine 2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Open the window, please. 3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。 I have a car. The car is
red. 4.指世界上独一无二的事物。 Which is bigger,
the sun or the earth? 5. 用在序数词，形容词最高级前。The first
lesson is the easiest one in this book. 6. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城，the United
States 美国 7. 用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。the poor 穷人, the blind 盲人 8用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩 9. 用在方位词前。on the left 在左边，in
the middle of 在中间 10. 用在乐器名称前。She plays the
piano every day. 11. 用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前。the Black Sea 黑海，the Yangzi
River 长江 12. 用在某些固定词组中：all the same 仍然；all the time 一直；atthe moment 此刻；at the same time 同时；bythe way 顺便说；do the shopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上；in the
open air 在户外，在野外 四.零冠词的用法 1.棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词Play chess play football have supper 特例：当football，basketball 指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”) 2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词. In July in summer on Monday on Teachers’ Day 3. 人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词 Beijing is the capital of China 4. 学科,语言,称呼,语职务名词前不用冠词 Math is hard to learn 5. 复数名词表示类别时不加冠词 They are workers I
like eating apples 6. 名词前已有物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some， any等)及所有格限制时,不用冠词 my book(正)；my
the book(误) 7. 在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。 No.25 Middle School 五.用与不用冠词的差异 in hospital 住院 /in the hospital 在医院里 in frontof 在…(外部的)前面 /in the front of 在…(内部的)前面at
table 进餐 /at the table 在桌子旁 by sea 乘船 /by the sea 在海边 go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…) /go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去two of us 我们当中的两人/the two of us 我们两人(共计两人) next year 明年 /the next year 第二年 a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家(一个人) /a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
| 单数 | 复数 |
| 主格 | 宾格 | 主格 | 宾格 | 第一人称 | I | me | we | us | 第二人称 | you | you | you | you | 第三人称 | it/she/he | it/her/him | they | them |
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1. 主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches (we)
Chinese . 2. 三种人称代词并列时,顺序为: 单数:二,三,一 （You, she and I ） 复数:一,二,三
(we , you and they ) 注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.) She and I have been to Beijing . Who broke the window ? I and Mike . 注：it
还有一些特别的用法。 1）用作形式主语,常用于 “It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中. 2) 用在句型: “It seems that …”中. 3) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中. 4) 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中. 5) 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that从句”中. 6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式.make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ todo sth . 二.物主代词.
| 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 |
| 单数 | 复数 | 单数 | 复数 | 单数 | 复数 | 形容词性 | my | our | your | your | its/his/h er | their | 名词性 | mine | ours | yours | yours | its/his/h ers | theirs |
1. 形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前，不能单独使用。 2. 名词性的物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与 of 连用。Our
classroom is as big as (they) . This is a friendof (my). 注: 1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词. （名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词） 2)形容词性的物主代词与 own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house =
a house of my own 三.反身代词
| 单数 | 复数 | 第一人称 | myself | ourselves | 第二人称 | yourself | yourselves | 第三人称 | himself/herself/itself | themselves |
记忆小窍门: 反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加 self.其余都要物主加 self,复数 ves 来把 f 替. 反身代词的常用搭配: enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learn…by oneslf all
by oneself help oneself to … look afteroneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror 四.指示代词 1. 近指:this these 远指: that those 2.用法: 1) that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That 代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in
Guangdong is hotter than in
Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than in
this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those 2) this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that 代替前面提到的句子而 this 代替下面提到的句子. He had a bad
cold ,that is why he didn’t
come . 3)在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而 that代替对方. This is Tom speaking . Who
is that ? 五.不定代词的区别. 1. one 与 it 的区别 One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而 it 代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I
borrow it ? 2.some 与 any 的区别 一般情况下,some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用 some 代 any. 常用于 could / would / May 开头或what about /how about ….
的句中。 May I have
some water ? He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t
have any . 3.many 与 much 的区别 Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词注:a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用 many /much . 4.a few /few /a little /little
的区别
| 表否定(几乎没有) | 表肯定(有一点/几个) | 修饰可数名词 | few | a few | 修饰不可数名词 | little | a little |
The story is
easy to read . there are new
words in it . Hurry up ! There is time left . 5. each / every 的区别 each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而 every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个. There are
trees and frowers on side
of the street . student
has read a story . 注:each 可以与 of连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而 every 不能与 of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us (study )hard . 6.no one 与 none 的区别 no one 表示没有人, 不能与 of 连用. 而 none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，谓语常用单数。. The boys were all tired , but of them stopped to have a
rest . 7. both /neither /either /all / none /
any 的区别
| 都 | 都不 | 任何一个 | 两者之间 | both | neither | either | 三者或三者以上 | all | none | any |
There are many trees on side of the
river . A. both B.any C.eitherD.all 注: 1). both 的否定词是 neither , all 的否定词是 none. 2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数. neither of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. Neither of the answers (be) right .Both of my parents (be) workers. 3).词组 A) both …and …连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:not only …butalso … 反义词组:neither … nor … Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= you she like watching TV .= You like
watching TV , she . B) either …or … 或者……或者……, neither…nor… 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时, 谓语动词实行就近原则. Neither you nor he (be ) right. One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park.= Lily Lucy going to the park. C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也” D) neither 也可表示 “ 也不” 句型: neither … sb 某人也不怎么样. If
you don’t gothere , I . (我也不去) 4) howmany /how much 的回答:用none 回答. Who 的回答:用 noone 回答. What 的回答:用 nothing 回答. How many
students are there in the classroom
? . Who can answer the question? . A. None B.No one C.Nothing 8.other /the other /others/the others 的区别
| (空)后面没有名词 | (空)后面有名词 | 有数量限制(特指) | the others | the other | 没有数量限制(泛指) | others | other |
注: 1) one …the other … 表示两者之间的一个……另一个…… 2) some… others… 表示一些…… 一些…… 3) another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.
但 another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 表示“ 另外几个……” Would you like apple ? I have two
brothers , one is a teacher , is
a worker . Some are cleaning the classroom
, are
sweeping the window . There are 20 teachersin our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and are women teachers |
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| |
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| everyone | 每个，人人，大家 | 不与 of 连用 | every one | 每个人、物 | 可与 of 连用 |
9. Every one of us
has seen the film . Everyone should do their best . 10. 复合不定代词.
| some | any | no | every | thing | something | anything | nothing | everything | one | someone | anyone | no one | everyone | body | somebody | anybody | nobody | everybody |
注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 2.形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后. 3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后. 4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中, 1)指人的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或 they . 2)指物的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it . 5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何……/任何物/任何人” Everything (begin
) to grow in spring , ? Is there (一些有趣的事)in today’s newpaper? I want something (eat ). 中考专题四：数词 基数词: 表示人或事物数量多少的词.
序数词: 表示人或事物的顺序的词. 一. 基数词. 1.基数词的读法. 1)1---12 : one two three four five
six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 2) 13---19: 词尾加-teen :thirteen fourteen fifteensixteen seventeen eighteennineteen 3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90 :
逢十词尾加-ty :twenty thirtyforty fifty sixtyseventy eighty ninety 4) 21----99: 在十位与个位之间加连字符构成. 21--- twenty-one 99---ninety-nine 5) 101---999 :先说几百, 再加 and ,再加末尾两位数或个位数. 101---one
hundred and one 238----two hundred and thirty-eight 6) 1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开, 从右往左第一个逗号表示 “千”读thousand 第二个逗号表示 “百万”读million 第三个逗号表示 “十亿”读billion 18,657,421---eighteen million ,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand ,four
hundred and twenty-one. 二. 序数词 基数词变序数词 口诀: 基变序,有规律,词尾要加 th .一二三,特殊记,词尾分别 tdd(first second third ) 八去 t ,九去 e,ve要用 f 替.ty 变作 tie,再加th 莫忘记. 若遇几十几,只变个位就可以. 三. 数词的应用. 1. 表编号. 结构:名词(首字母要大写) +
基数词 = the +序数词 +名词Lesson One = the first lesson 注：有些编号，一般仅用第一种表达法。Room 101 101 号房间 2. 序数词前一般加定冠词 the 但序数词前与不定冠词 a /an 连用时,表示“又一,再一” You’ve done it three times .Whynot try fourth
time ? A.a B.an C.the D./ 3.数词前加 every ,表示每……/每隔……
. every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天) 注:every +基数词 +复数名词 = every + (序数词-1) +单数名词4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄 1) 表示年代: in the + 年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代. 在十九世纪七十年代. . 2) 表年龄:in one’s + 整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时在他四十岁时: . 5.hundred / thousand /million /billion 1).若 hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时,其后不加 s,也不加 of .若没有时 , 既加
s 也要带 of . Every year visitors come to China . There are two students
in our school . A.thousand B.thousands C.thousands of D.thousand of 2).若其前有 afew 、many、several 修饰时，通常用复数，后接 of. 3).若名词前有 the 修饰时，用单数，后接 of Two the
students in our school are from the countryside . A.hundred B. hundred of C.hundreds of D.hundreds 6. 几个半的表达法: 基数词 + and + a
half +名词复数 = 基数词 +名词(单数/复数) +and +a half two and a half hours =
two hours and a half 7. 时刻表达法: 1) 整点: 基数词 + o’clock 2)几点几分: A). 直接读法: 先读小时 ,后读分钟3:25
---- three twenty-five B).间接读法: a) ≤30分钟. 分钟+ past + 小时3：25
----twenty-five past three b)＞30 分钟. ( 60-分钟 )+ to + (小时数+1) 3:55 ----- five to four c) 30 分钟 = half 15 分钟=aquarter 45 分钟= three quarters
3:30 ---half past three 3:15----a quarter past three 3:45 ----a quarter to four 8.日期表达法: 结构: 1).月 日,年 (日用序数词,年用基数词) 注:年份的读法: 先读前两位数,再读后两位数. 读日时要加
the. 1900---nineteen hundred 1807----eight
and seven (eight o seven) 2008---two thousandeight 2007 年 3 月 21 日.--- March thetwenty-first ,two thousandand seven. 2).日 月 年 (the +序数词+of+月, 年) 2007 年 3 月 21 日---the
twenty-first of March ,two thousand and seven. 9.分数词的表达法: 1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词. b).当分子大于 1时,分母加复数. 3/4--- three fourths (three-fourths) 2).注意: a).分数词的几种特殊形式. 1/3—one third = a
third 1/4—one fourth = a quarter 1/2—one second = a half 3/4—three fourths = three
quarters b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.
Two fifths of the milk (be
) drunk by Tom . One third of the students (be )girls . 中考专题五：介词 一．介词 at/ in /on .1.表示时间： 1).表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/ 年龄at
six o’clock at noon
at that time at the moment at the age of at night 2) in 表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)
in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the
twenty-first century in his fifties 3) on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时. On Monday on
New Year’s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st ,2007 2表地点: 1) at一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置at the station at the cinema 2) in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里. in China in
the classroom 3) on指在某物体的表面上. on the desk 注意: 写街道时,若有门牌号用 at ,否则用 on / in 都可. He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street. 二.介词 in /on / to 表方位:1.in 表示 A 地在 B 地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is the
southeast of China . 2.on 表示 A,B 地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is the north of Hunan . 3.to 表示 A,B 两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is the
east of China . 三. between /
among 在……之间1.between :指两者之间. 在…….之间. 2. among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在……之中. You sit him
and me . The song is popular the students. 四.after / in 在……之后1. after 1)after + 时间段.
表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时. 2)after 作介词. after doing sth 2.in+一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时. He came back two days . He will go home finishing his homework . He
will come back two
days . 五.with / in / by 表示 “用……”1. with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具/ 手段/ 人体器官. He cut the
apple into halves a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有” He came in a big smile on his face . 2. in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式. Can you say it English ? He wrote a letter blue
ink . 3. by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法 I study for a test working with a group . He makes a living selling newspapers . 注意: 同义词组 1).by phone = on
the phone 2).by car = in a car 3).in pen = with a pen = with
pens 六.across / through / over / by 经过1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过. 2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过. 3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. 4. by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过. Can you swim the river ? the
elephant is so big that it can’t go the gate . I don’t think anyone can jump the
fence. I walked the bank of China yesterday . 七.in front of / in the front of 1.in the
front of 表示在…….内部的前面2.in
front of 表示在……外面的前面 There is a desk in front
of our classroom . There is a big tree in front
of our classroom. 八．其它介词的用法： 1. at的其它用法. 1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词. She is at
work now = She is working now . 2)at 表示 “价格或速度” The train
ran at 120 kilometres an hour . 2. in的其它用法: 1)in 表示 “在……方面” 词组:do well in = be good at be weak in 2) in表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服. 词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing+衣服 3) in 作副词, “在家” = at home 3. like 的用法: 1). 像/和……一样.常与系动词连用. 词组: look like sound like 2). 与 what连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”. What is he like ? He is kind . 4. off的用法: 1). 从……下来, 脱离某物体. 词组:
falloff 2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后. 词组: have +时间+ off He hasn’t had a night off for two hours . 5. except / besides 1).except 除了…….之外, 都....... 不包括在范围之内. 注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什么也没有. 2).besdies 除了……之外,还有...... 包括在范围之内. We all went swimming Lucy
. There is a
letter in the box . We study
Japanese and French English . 6. with / without 1).with 具有,含有 -----反义词: without 没有 词组: with the help of = with one’s
help =because of = thanks to without one’s
help 2).without 的用法: A).without +
sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物B).without + doing sth . He left here without (say ) “Goodbye”to us C). without sth 常与 if 引导的否定的条件句. If there
is no water , we can’t
live .= We can’t live . 7. on the tree /in the tree on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而 in the tree
表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上. There are some apples the tree . There
is a boy the tree. 8. since / for 注: since /
for 用于现在完成时. 1).since : a).since +时间点 b). 现在完成时+
since +一般过去时c).since +一段时间+ ago. 2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+
ago 9. be made +介词的区别: be made of 由…制成
(看得见原材料) be made from 由…制成 (看不见原材料) be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 be made by sb.
由某人制造 10. 表示 “数量的介词” about , roundaround over 1). about
, round around 表示 “大约……” 2).over 表示 “超过”= more than. 11. inside / outside Inside 在……里面------- 反义词:outside 在….外面 12. in the wall /on the wallin the
wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况:1). 当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow等时,不用介词. What are you going to
do tonight ? 2). 含有 this,that, these, those,last, next, every, each 等时间状语.
He went to Wuhan last week . 3). 以 all开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day. 4). 以 some ,any,one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词. He met a bad man one cold
morning .= He met a bad man on a cold morning . 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的连词有 and ,but ,or ,so ,both…and , either…or
,neither…nor , not
only… but also 等。 1. and 1).and 表示 “和、且”在肯定句中连接并列的成分。He
is laughing and talking . 2).祈使句+
and …… , “and” 表示“那么”之意。= If…… Study hard ,
and you will succeed .= study
hard , you will succeed . 3).adj / adv + and+ adj /adv 表示“渐渐”。 He makes mistakes again and again . 2.but 表示转折关系的连词，意为“但是”
He is poor ,but honest . 3. or 1).or 有 “或”的意思，表示一种选择Would
you like tea or water ? 2). “祈使句……,or …” or 表示否则。=If …not …, ……. . Study hard , or you will fail. = you study
hard , you will fail . 3).or 用在否定句中表示并列关系。He
can’t read or write
. 4.both 1).both “两者都”, 后面的名词、动词都用复数。Both the
answers are right . 2).both of…. Both of us are
students . 3).both …and… Both you and she are right . 5.either/ either …or 1).either “两者当中任何一个”,后有 of 时接名词的复数形式，无 of 时接单数名词，动词用单数形式。 You may wear either of the hats. 2).either …or… “不是……就是……,或者 ……或者…….”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”. Either you or he has to go = Either he or
you have to go . 6.neither /neither …nor… 1).neither “两者当中都不”,后有 of 时接名词的复数形式，无 of 时接单数名词，动词用单数形式。Neither
of the answers (be) right . 2).neither ….nor… “既不…….也不……”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”. Neither you nor I am
right .= Neither I nor you are right . 二．从属连词 从属连词是引导从句的连词。1.引导宾语从句的连词 1）.that 连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。2).who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how
连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。3).if/ whether 连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。 2.引导状语从句的连词 1).时间状语从句：when
,before ,after, until ,as soon as (主将从现) 2).条件状语从句：if , unless 3).原因状语从句：because
4).方式状语从句：than 5).结果状语从句：so… that … ,such… that… 6).让步状语从句：though
/although 7).目的状语从句：so that 3.不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。 1).because ,so 不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。 Because in our school knew him
,so we had no trouble in finding him. 2).though /although ,but 不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。但though 可以与 yet，still 同时出现在一个句子中。 Though Australia is very large ,but the population is quite small. 4.必须用
whether 的情况。 1).discuss 和介词后的宾语从句用 whether . We are discussing we’ll hold a meeting. I’m worriedabout she can come to the meeting 2).和不定式、or not 连用必须用whether . I don’t know to leave or not . 中考专题七：形容词 副词 I.形容词 一、形容词的一般用法 1. 作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。It’s a cold and windy day. 2. 作表语，放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound….) He looks happy today. 3. 形容词修饰 something，anything，nothing，everything 等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。Would you like something hot to drink？ 4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。 How long is the river？ It’s
about two hundred metres long. 5. 只能作表语的形容词：afraid；alone；asleep；awake；alive；well 健康的；ill；frightened The man is ill.（正） The ill
man is my uncle.（误） 6. 只能作定语的形容词：little 小的；only唯一的；wooden 木质的；woolen 羊毛质的；elder 年长的 My elder
brother is in Beijing.（正） My brother is elder. （误） 7. 貌似副词的形容词：lonely；friendly；lively；lovely 二、形容词常用句型 1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do
sth 注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如 good，kind，nice，polite ，clever ， foolish，lazy，careful，careless，right（正确的），wrong 等。 It’s very kind of you to help me.（=You are very kind to help me.）
2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To
do sth is adj for sb . 注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有 important，necessary，difficult，easy，hard，dangerous，safe， useful，pleasant，interesting，impossible 等。 It’s not easy for them to learna foreign language.（=To learn a foreignlanguage is not easy for them.） 3. 表示感情或情绪的形容词，如 glad，pleased，sad，thankful 等常接不定式。I’m very sad to hear the bad news. 4. 表示能力和意志的形容词，如 ready（乐意的，有准备的），able（有能力的），sure（一定），certain （一定）等常接不定式。 Lei Feng is
always ready to help others. He is sure to get to school on time. Ⅱ副词 一、副词的分类 副词按词汇意义可分为： 方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly
程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite 地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home 时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently，still
频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never 否定副词：no，not，neither，nor 疑问副词：where，how，why
其他：also，too，only 二、副词的基本用法： 1). 副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前. He plays the piano very well . 2). 副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后. He got up quickly 3).enough 修饰
adj /adv 时,放在其后. He is old enough to go to school . 三、常见副词用法辨析 1.already与yet的区别 already 用于肯定句句中，表示“已经”；yet 用于否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示 “已经” He had left when I
called. Have you found your ruler ？ 2 very，much和very much.的区别 very 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much 用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用 very much. John is honest. This gardenis bigger
than that one. Thank you . 3. so与such的区别 ⑴so 修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词，My brotherruns so fast that I can’t follow him. He is such a boy. ⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词 He is clever
a boy.=He is a clever boy.  It is They are
cold weather.  good students.
⑶名词前有 many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用 so 不用 such .(多多少少仍用 so) 但 little 表示 “小的” 用 such. There are little sheep on
the hill . 4. also，too，as well与either 的区别 also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also 常用于 be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前； as well，too 用于句末；either 用于否定句中，置于句末。 例如，My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher. =My father is a teacher. My mother
is a teacher . =My father is a teacher. My mother
is ateacher， . I can’t speak French…… Jenny can’t speak French， . 5.sometime，sometimes，some time 与 some times 的 区 别sometime：表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。
sometimes：有时，不时的= at times some time：一段时间some
times：几次，几倍 We’ll have a test next month. we
are busy and sometimes we are not. He
stayed in Beijing for last year. I have been to Beijing . 6. ago与before的区别 ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。 before 指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 I saw him ten minutes . He told me that
he had seen the film . 7. now，just与just now的区别 now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”
just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚……” just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才” Where does he live ？ We have seen
the film. He was here . 8. lonely / alone的区别 1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作 adj 也可作
adv. 2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与
feel 连用。 3).alone 只作表语 (以a 开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语)
He lives on a island . He is ,but
he doesn’t feel . 9. fast /quickly /soon 的区别. fast 表示速度之快 quickly 表示动作之快 soon 表示时间之快I’m
leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so ? A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.earlyⅢ、形容词，副词的比较级、最高级一、规则变化 1.一般在词尾直接加 er 或 est，tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母 e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加 r 或 st， nice-nicer-nicest 3.以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，把 y 变为 i，再加 er 或est， heavy-heavier-heaviest 4. 重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 或 est，big-bigger-biggest 注: 大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.（big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ） 5. 部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成比较级和 most 构成最高级， beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 注:表示否定意义在其前加 less /least important----less important----least
important English is more
interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than English . 6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加 more/ most slowly---more slowly----most slowly；但 early—earlier---earliest二、不规则变化 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | good/well | better | best | many/much | more | most | little | less | least | old | old / elder | old /eldest | bad/badly/i ll | worse | worst | far | farther
(距离)/further（程 度） | farthest /furthest |
下列单、双音节词只能加 more 和 most 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | like(想似的) | more like | most like | real(真的) | more real | most real | tired | more tired | most tired | pleased | more pleased | most pleased | often | more often | most often |
注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well
,fast, early, late ,straight Ⅳ形容词，副词等级的用法一、原级的用法 1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too
He is too tired to walk on. My brother
runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 2.原级常用的句型结构 （1）A= B-----A+ as +adj / adv 的原级+ as+B 表示 “A 和 B 一样” Tom is as old
as Kate. Tom runs as fast as Mike. （2）A＜B---A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A 不如 B…” This
room is not as/so big as that one. He doesn’t
walk as slowly as you. 二、比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词. much，a lot，far，…的多 a little，a bit，…一点儿
even 甚至，still 仍然 Lesson One is
much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before. 2.比较级常用的句型结构 “甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…” Tom is taller than Kate. I got up earlier than my mother
this morning. 三.最高级的用法 1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点) He is the tallest of all the boys He works
hardest in his class . 注:副词的最高级前 the 可省掉 2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词 The Yellow River
is the second longest river in China . 3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词 He is one of the cleverest
students in our class. 4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or 丙？”用于三者以上的比较。Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer
or autumn？ 四.级别的转换 1).原级与比较级的转换 a). 倍数+ as …as → (倍数-1)+比较级+than This room is five times as big as that one =This room is bigger
than that one . b).not as…as 与比较级的转换 A +not as …as + B → A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B →B+比较级+than+A Mary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is Tom. = Tom is Mary . This book is not as expensiveas that one = This book is than
that one = That book is than
this one . 2).比较级与最高级的转换 a). the +最高级+ of / in …… b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词 +the other +复数名词 +anyone else +any of the other+复名c). Nobody else + 比 较 级 + than …… Tom is the tallest boy
in our class . Tom is taller than boy
in our class. Tom is taller than in
our class. is
taller than Tom in our class. 五.级别的惯用法 1. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。 He is getting taller and taller. 2. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。 The more careful you are，the
fewer mistakes you’ll make. 3. “甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthe two+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。(of the twins/parents…) Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of
the two. 4.当 adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用 the . This is my best book of all. 5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较. My pencil is longer than (you). 6.比较时不能与自身相比 注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用 any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用
other ,直接用 any + 单数名词. He is taller than boy
in his class. He is taller than boy
in our class . A.any B.any other 7.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用
that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词， 以避免重复。 The weather in
Beijing is colder than in
Guangzhou in winter . The boys in our
class are more than in
your class . 1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间，条件状语从句中表将来时（主将从现） 2. 时间状语： always, usually, often,
sometimes, every week (day, year, month…),
once a week, on Sundays, 3. 基本结构： ①be 动词；am/is/are ②行为动词 :动词原形、第三人称单数。 4. 否定形式： ①am/is/are+not;②
don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+…… 5. 一般疑问句： ①把 be 动词放于句首；② Do/Does +…+动词原形+…? 二、一般过去时： 1. 概念： 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2. 时间状语： ago, yesterday, the day beforeyesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now,
at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning 3. 基本结构： ①be 动词；was/were … ②行为动词 :动词的过去式 4. 否定形式： ①was/were+not;②
didn’t +动词原形 5. 一般疑问句： ①was 或 were放于句首；② Did +…+动词原形……? 三、现在进行时： 1. 概念： 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2. 时间状语： now, at this time, these days,
look,listen ,can you see? Can’t
you see ?之类的暗示语。 3. 基本结构： am/is/are+doing 4. 否定形式： am/is/are+not+doing. 5. 一 般 疑 问 句 ： Is /Are …+doing
sth ? 四、过去进行时： 1. 概念： 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2. 时间状语： at this/that time yesterday, at that time ,at
sixyesterday evening ,from eight o’clock to nine o’clock
last night 或以 when/while 引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/ 一般过去时+while +过去进行时/过去进行时+while +过去进行时)。 3. 基本结构： was/were+doing 4. 否 定 形 式： was/were
+ not + doing. 5.一般疑问句： 把was 或 were 放于句首。五、现在完成时： 1. 概念： 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2. 时间状语： recently, lately,since…for…,in the past few years,already ,yet ,never,ever, just, before, so far ,once, twice etc. 3. 基本结构： have/has + done 4. 否定形式： have/has + not +done. 5. 一般疑问句： 把 have或 has 放于句首。6.反义疑问句：直接用 has /have 进行反问 7.注意： 1).have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别 have been to +地点 表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。(once ,twice….) have gone to +地点 表示人已去了某地，人还未返回。(where is sb ?) havebeen in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。（for…../ since …..） 2).与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 Come/go to ------ be at /in leave ----be awayfrom buy ----have borrow /lend----- keep open ---beopen close---be closed die---dead start/begin ----beon join—--be
in /bea member of /be a soldier become –be make
friend ---be friend get up ---be up fall
asleep ---be asleep catch a cold – have a cold reach/get/arrive-- stay/be 3).现在完成时的四种句型： A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago B).主语+have/has
+延续性动词的过去分词+for…./since…. ago . C).It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 D).时间段+has
passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has for
two years. two years his grandfather . Two years his grandfather . 4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时与现在有关的时态，他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过 去的动作与现在无关，若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时，只能用一般现在时。 Has he returned the library book
? Yes, he has. When he (return) it?He (return)it yesterday afternoon . 六、过去完成时： 1. 概念： 以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2. 时间状语： 1).before+过去时间，by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month…) 2).by the time+从句（一般过去时），主句（过去完成时） 3).用于由 when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时 一般过去时+after +过去完成时4).用于宾语从句中。 3. 基本结构： had + done. 4. 否定形式： had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句： 把 had 放于句首。七、一般将来时： 1.概念： 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2. 时间状语： tomorrow, nextday(week, month, year) ,soon, in+一段时间, by…,the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight 3. 基 本 结 构 ： 1).am/is/are/going to + do； 2).will/shall + do. 3). 用现在进行时表示将来，动词 come, go ,start,leave ,fly,move ,begin ,get …. 4). 当主句为一般将来时，由 if,as soon as ,until, when ,before, after,unless 引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 4. 否定形式： ①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加
didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5. 一般疑问句： ①be放于句首；②will/shall 提到句首。八、过去将来时： 1. 概念： 立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2. 时间状语： the next day(morning,
year…),the following month(week…), by then , 3. 基本结构： ①was/were/going to + do； ②would/should
+ do. 4. 否定形式： ①was/were/not + going to + do; ②would/should +
not + do. 5. 一般疑问句： ①was 或 were 放于句首； ②would/should 提到句首。 中考考点九：被动语态 一．被动语态的时态： 1.一般现在时的被动语态： am /is/ are +动词的过去分词2.一般过去时的被动语态： was /were +动词的过去分词3.一般将来时的被动语态： will be +动词的过去分词 4. 现在进行时的被动语态： am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词 5. 现在完成时的被动语态： have /has +been +动词的过去分词 6. 情态动词的被动语态： 情态动词 + be+动词的过去分词二．主动语态变被动语态的变法： 口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变 be done ,时不变，数格必须随被变。注：1.主动、被动的时态要一致。 2. 主动、被动的句式要一致。 3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。三．特殊情况的被动语态： 1. 带双宾语的被动语态： 动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾) 口诀：如遇双宾语，一般变间宾，若把直宾变，to
/for 间宾连。1).give/pass /show 与介词 to 搭配。 give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或 sth +be given +to sb . 2).buy/make/cook 与介词 for 搭配。 buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或
sth +be bought +for sb He gave me a book I a
book by him. A book me
by him . My mother made me a cake . I a
cake by my mother A cake me
by my mother . 2. 带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态：动词+ sb + do sth . 口诀：感使动词真叫怪，to 来 to去记心怀，主动语态 to 离去，被动语态 to 回来。动词：make / let /have /see /hear /feel
/watch make sb do
sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth The boss made the workers work all day The workers work
all day by the boss. 3. 在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时，doing 不变。 I heard Tom singing just now Tom by
me just now . 4. 以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 We should take care of the old . The old should . 四．注意事项： 1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态： last ,have ,own …..belong to ,suit…fine , 2.不及物动词是没有被动语态： happen
,take place ,appear , hold (容纳) 3. 系动词是没有被动语态： Look, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste ….
The dish tastes good . 4. 有些词组没有被动语态： sell well , write well ,ride well ,drive well This kind of skirt sells
well. 5. need表示需要时，后面常接doing形式表示被动意义，相当于to be done . All the computers need
repairing .= All the computers need . 6. 在too…to…及enoughto …结构中有时表示被动意义。 The problem is too difficult
to solve. 中考考点十：情态动词 一．情态动词的用法 1. can 用法 1）表示能力，与be able to同义，但can只用于现在时和过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。 Two eyes can see more than
one. 注：Can you … ? Yes,
I can / No,I can’t. 2).表示允许、请求 用 could比 can 语气更加委婉客气，常用于 could I
/you …..?句型中，若表示同意时，用 can 回答而不用 could . Could I
borrow the book ? No, you can’t
. 3）。表示推测“可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中。（can’t表示一定不是） It can’t be true . Can it be true ? 2. may 用法 1） 表允许，请求= can 表示许可或征求对方的许可，常于第一人称连用。 注：May I ….? Yes ,you may No, you can’t / mustn’t . 在回答以 may 引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如
Yes, please. / Certainly. 2） 表推测，可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。 Maybe he
knows the news .= He the news. 3. must 1） 表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。 We must do everything step by
step. 注：Must I ….? Yes, you must / No,you needn’t(don’t have to ). --Must we hand in our
exercise—books now? --No, you
needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 2） mustn’t 表禁止、不允许。 You mustn’t
talk to her like that. 3） 表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can . He must be ill. He looks so pale. She’s wearing a
diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 注：must 表推测时，其反义疑问句与 must 后面的动词一致。 There must be something wrong , ? 4.need 的用法 need 既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要否定句或疑问句中。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。 1). 用作情态动词，用于否定句和疑问句中。 a).Need I ….? Yes , you must / No,
you needn’t . Need we finish the work today
?Yes you ? A.need B.can C. may D.must b).need + do sth
. 变否定句：needn’t do
sth 变疑问句：Need sb do sth ? 2). 用作实义动词 a).need + to do sth . We need (buy)
some school things . 变否定句：don’t /doesn’t /didn’t +need to do sth . 变疑问句：Do /
Does /Did sb + need to sth ? Yes , … do/ does / did No, sb don’t / doesn’t /didn’t . You don’t need to do
it yourself. b).当主语是物时。Sth + need + doingsth = Sth +need to be
done . The table needs painting . =The table needs . 5. had better 的用法 1). had better + 动词原形 = It’s best to do sth . You had better (stay )at home . = stay
at home . 2). Had better not +动词原形 We had better (not play ) the computer games . 6. must 与have to 1).一般情况下，两者可互换。
must = have to 2).must “必须，应该”表示说话人的主观看法，即说话人认为必须干某事。（内在原因） have to “必须，不得不”强调客观需要，即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。（外界原因） I can’t stop playing the computer games . For
your health ,I’m afraid you . A.can B.may C.must D.hadto 二．情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法 1. 情态动词后跟完成式，表“原本应该干某事，而实际上没干” I should have finished the work
earlier. He isn’t here.
He must have missed the train. 2. 情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在……”，“可能正在……”，“应当正在”等意。 It’s twelve
o’clock. They must be having lunch. They may be discussing this problem. He can’t be telling the truth. She shouldn’t be
working like that. She’s still so weak. 三．情态动词的同义转换. 1.can = be able to 2.must = have to
3.needn’t = don’t have to 4.need do sth = need to do sth . 中考考点十一：非谓语动词 一、动词不定式 1.动词不定式作宾语。 1) 在 动 词 want ,hope,would like,decide,wish, choose,try ,need 等后常用动词不定式作宾语。I hope (hear)from
you soon . 2) think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sth He found it difficult (get) to sleep. 3).stopto do sth / stop doingsth stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事。 After working for a long time ,
He has to stop (have ) a rest . He was very tired , so he hadto stop (work). 2.动词不定式作宾语补。 1). 带 to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask / like /would like /teach /tell /want /help+sb +to do sth Please ask him (come) quickly. 2). 省掉 to的不定式作宾补的动词有：let /make / hear /see /notice /have/watch+sb +do sth 注：省掉 to的不定式的句子变被动语态时，需要还原 to . He made the baby (stop) crying . The baby was made crying.3.动词不定式作主语 1).动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 2). 常用 it作形式主语，而将不定式放在句子后面。To do sth +谓语动词+adj /n = It +谓语动词+adj / n + to do sth To get an injection is a little
painful . a little painful an
injection 4.动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后名词或代词+to do(介词) 注：若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时，其后加上相应的介词。
I want a pen to write . I want a piece of paper to write . 5.动词不定式与疑问词连用 疑问词+ to do sth 注：在宾语从句中，若主从句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+to
do sth”. Can you
tell me how I can get to the hospital ? Can you tell me the
hospital. 6.动词不定式可作状语 1). 动词不定式可作目的状语 在 come / go / leave 后面接动词不定式作目的状语。He came here (get)his book. 2). 动词不定式可作原因状语 表语形容词（sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/pleased）后与动词不定式连用作原因状语He was glad (see) his wife. 3). 动词不定式可作结果状语 在 too…to …, not …enough to …句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。He was too tired (walk) on . 7.动词不定式作表语be + to do sth 注：动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换，且常表将来。Her wish is (become)
a doctor . is her wish . 8.动词不定式的否定形式 在动词不定式的前面加
not . He told me (not stay) here . 9.动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。 1).动词不定式符号的省略情况 若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个不定式符号不能省略，其余的省掉
to .但两者有对比关系时，to 都不能省略。 Edison’s
mother taught him to write and read . I haven’t decided to go home or
to go to the cinema. 2)省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况。 Will you take a walk with me ? I’m glad to .
Would you like to join my birthday party ? I would love to . 二、动名词 1.动名词相当于一个名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Reading in bed (be) bad for your eyes. 2.有些动词或动词短语后面，只能接动名词作宾语。 三、现在分词 1. 现在分词常放在see, hear ,watch ,notice 等之后作宾补。 I saw the boy (play)in
the street just now . 2. 现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前，现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。 A sleeping baby
= a baby who is sleeping . Did you know the man talking to Mr Li?= Did you know
the man who was talking to Mr Li? 3. 现在分词表伴随情况 He came into
the classroom ,carrying a book. 四、过去分词 1. 作宾补 have /get +sth +done 表示请别人干某事I had my TV repaired last night
. 2. 作定语 单一的过去分词作定语，要放在被修饰词的前面，过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。 Have you ever read any books
written by Luxun? Have you ever
read any books written
by Luxun? 3. 作表语 过去分词作表语已经形容词化 My cup is broken . 七年级至九年级的非谓语动词一．接动词不定式
（ to do/ do sth ） 1.like to do sth 2.like
sb to do sth 3.Let’s
(not ) do sth 4.want to do sth 5.want sb to do sth 6.love
to do sth 7.ask sb (not ) to do sth 8.stop
to do sth 9.tell sb (not ) to do sth 10.watch sb do sth 11.It’s time (for sb) to do sth 12.help sb (to ) do sth 13.help do sth 14.make
sb do sth 15.decide (not ) to do sth 16.find it +adj + to do sth 17.have
to do sth 18.try (not ) to do sth 19.try
one’s best to do sth 20.It’s +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth 21.plan
to do sth 22.S.p.+be a good place to do sth 23.It takes
sb +some time + to do sth 24.send sb to do sth 25.invite sb to do sth
26.forget to do sth 27.live to be +时间 28.be able to do sth 29.have
sth to do 30.seem to do sth 31.get
sb /sth to do sth 32.疑问词+ to do sth 33.need
sth to do sth 34.use sth to do sth 35.follow
sb to sth 36.need to do sth 37.a good time to do sth
38.the best time to do sth 39.the best way to do sth 40.be
the first / last one to do sth 41.would
like to do sth 42.be
excited /surprised to do sth 43.be useful to do sth
44.be allowed to do sth 45.allow
sb to do sth 46.It’s
better to do sth 47.It’s
best to do sth 48.take care
(not) to do sth 49.see sb do sth 50.why not do sth ?51.have enoughtime to do sth 52.too… to do sth 53.not… enough to do sth 54.encourage
sb to do sth 55.choose to sth 56.wait to
do sth 57.be
happy/glad/pleased to do sth 58.make
it +adj + to do sth 59.be careful to do sth 60.be afraid to do sth 61.It’s our duty to do sth 62.usedto do sth 63.can’t affordto do sth 64.make a decision to do sth 65.have an opportunity to do sth 66.wait for sb to do sth 67.would do sth rather than do sth
68.would rather do sth than do sth 69.hurry to do sth 70.refuse
to do sth 71.agree to do sth 72.pretend to do sth 73.pretend
to be doing sth 74.prefer to do sth 75.prefer
not to do sth 76.prefer
to do sth raher than do sth 77.be
willing to do sth 78.volunteer + 时间/ 钱 + to do sth
79.volunteer to do sth 80.offer to do sth 81.rushto do sth 82.in order(not ) to do sth 83.becertain to do sth
84.be sure to do sth 85.make plans to do sth 86.go out of their way to do sth 87.leadsb to do sth 88.It’s
one’s job to do sth
89.It’s one’s turn to do sth 90.urge sb to do sth 91.Could /Wouldyou please (not) do sth? 92.be supposed to do sth 93.warn sb to do sth二、接动名词 （doing sth ） 1.like doing sth 2.enjoy doing sth 3.have fun
doing sth 4.be interested in doing sth
5.Thanks for doing sth 6.look at sb doing sth 7.stop sb doing sth 8.stop sb from doing sth 9.go + v-ing 10.do
the (some )+v-ing 11.What/How
doing sth ? 12.practice doing sth 13.watch sbdoing sth 14.find
sb doing sth 15.mind (one’s ) doing sth 16.can’t stand doing sth 17.think about doing sth 18.spend… (in)doing sth 19.finish doing sth 20.be
busy doing sth 21.keep doingsth 22.keep sb from doing sth 23.keep sb doingsth 24.be good at doing sth 25.hate doing sth 26.There be +名词+doing
sth 27.make a living by doing sth 28.have a
difficult time doing sth 29.feel like doing sth 30.allow
doing sth 31.see sb doing sth 32.by doingsth 33.end up doing sth 34.do a survey aboutdoing sth 35.be afraid
of doing sth 36.be used to doing sth 37.be
terrified of doing sth 38.give
up doing sth 39.instead of doingsth 40.have nothing againstdoing sth 41.be seriousabout doing sth 42.have a chance of doing sth 43.before/ when
/while +doing sth 44.start doing sth 45.have a lot of experience doing sth 46.prefer
doing sth 47.consider
doing sth 48.dream of / about doing
sth 49.continue doing sth 50.put
off doing sth 51.be used for doingsth =be used to do sth 52.prefer doing sth to doing sth 53.without doingsth 54.be
comfortable doing sth 55.can’t stop/helpdoing sth 56.look forward to doing sth 57.be against doing sth 58.have
trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth 59.suggest doing sth 60.be busy doing sth 61.be
worth doing sth 第二部分：句法1. 由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 Neither his parents nor Tom (be) at home. 2. 在倒装句和 there be 句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。There (be)
a book and some pens on the desk. There (come)
the bus. 3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。 I know the man who (be)
talking to my father. 4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 It is Mary’s brother who (be)
injured in the car accident yesterday. 二．意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入 along with，with，as well as，together with， besides，except，
but， including 等短语时 ，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。 I along
with my sister (be) going to Shanghai next month. 2. 由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。What I want to say (be)
just “ Take care!”. 3. “…+ (of) +名词”作主语时，若“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 Most of the water here (be) clean. 80% cotton have)
been sent to America.80% Half of the apples (be) red. 6. 词组“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 A number of ancient buildings (be)
destroyed in the war. The number of the visitors (have) decreased this year. 7. 英语的集体名词（family, public, group, team, class 等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 My family (be)
very poor when I was a little girl My family (be)
all looking forward for your coming. 三．整体原则 1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。When to leave (be) not been
decided. Watching TV too much (be)
bad for your eyes. 注：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。 What he said and what he did (be)
always different last night . 2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。 The novelist and poet (be)
going to Europe next year. The novelist and the poet (be) going to Europe next year. 3. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。 10 minutes is enough. 4. 加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。2 and 3 5. 5.“the +姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The Blacks (enjoy)
working in China. 四．个体原则 1. every +….and every +…..或each+…and each +…作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Every man andevery woman (be)
busy at working. 2. 英语句中的 each，either， neither 等词，作代词充当主语，修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Neither of us (have) been abroad. Neither answer (be)
wrong . 3. 由 some, any every, no 构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything 等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Somebody (be)waiting
for you at the school gate. 4. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses，shoes，trousers，pants，gloves 等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of 等词语时，则谓语动词要与量词（pair, suit, piece ）在单复数上保持一致。 A pair of scissors (be) useful tool for a dressmaker. Two
pieces of paper (be
) on the desk . 5. 以复数形式出现，却表示单数意义（maths, physics, news …）谓语用单数。Maths (be) my favorite subject. 6.“the +形容词（old /young /rich /poor ）”表示“一类人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。 The young (like)
listening to popular songs . 7.“the +姓氏的复数” 表示“某某夫妇，某某一家人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。
The Greens (be)having
lunch now. 中考考点十三：倒装句 1. 当句首为副词here，there 且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。 Here comes the bus !. There goes the bell.
! 2. only 修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时，应用部分倒装。 Only in this way can we solve the problem.
Only when you told me did I know her name. 注意：如果 only修饰的不是状语，则句子不倒装。 Only Uncle Li knows how it happened. 3. 表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时，肯定倒装用“ so+ 助动词／情态动词+后者”，前句事否定， 而后面的人也不怎么样时用“ neither/ nor + 助动词/ 情态动词+ sb”。 He can speak English，so can I. If she
doesn’t go there tomorrow，neither / nor will I. 注意 1） “ so+ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语” 表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样，所谈到的是两个人，意为“……也是这样”； 2） “ so+ 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时，说话者表示同意前者的观点，意为“的确如此”。 — Li Lei likes sports. — So he does and so do I. 4. 由not only …… but also …… 引起的并列句，若将not only
置于句首时，该分句应部分倒 装， but also 引导的分句不倒装。 Not only did
he give me some advice，but also he lent me some money. 5. “ no matter+疑问词+从句” 或 “疑问词+ever+从句” 注：从句应用陈述句语序，时态用一般现在时。However
hard the problem is，I must work
it out. What/ How +被感叹的部分+
主语+ 谓语！ What beautiful flowers they are ! 二、变法： 一断， 二加 ，三调位。 一断表示在谓语动词的后面断开，二加表示在断开的两部分中间加 what 或 how,三调位表示前后两部分对调位置。 They had a good time yesterday
. 一断：They had / a good time yesterday . 二加：They had（what）a
good time yesterday . 三调位：What a good time they had yesterday. 三、what 引导的感叹句： 1.what + a / an +adj + 单数名词（+主语+谓语）！ a
clever boy he is ! 2.what + adj + 复数名词（+主语+谓语）！ heavy
boxes they are ! 3.what + adj + 不可数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！ bad weather ! 四、how 引导的感叹句： 1.How + adj / adv + 主语+ 谓语！ hard
they are working ! 2.How
+ adj + a / an + 单数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！ How tall a boy he is ! 3.How + adj / adv + the + 名词+ 谓语！ heavily the rain is falling! 五、what与 how 引导的感叹句之间的转换： 1.What
a beautiful girl she is != beautiful
the girl is ! 2.How delicious the
food is != delicious food it is ! 六、几个常见的感叹句： 1. great fun it is ! 2. important information ! 3. good
news ! 4. good
advice / music ! 5. a
heavy rain ! 6. a
strong wind ! 七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词： food , work , weather , fun ,
music , information , news , advice , 中考考点十五：反意疑问句 一、结构： 陈述句 + 附加疑问句？ It’s hot today ,isn’t it ? 二、原则： 1.前肯后否，前否后肯 2.前名后代 3.时态一致三、变法： 一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。四、特殊的附加疑问句： 1. I’m …… , aren’t I ? I’m right , ? 2. There be …… , there? There will be fewer buses
in the future , ? 3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句，仍把它作为肯定形式。 He is unhappy, ? 4. Let’s 的反意疑问句为shall we ? Let’s go to the movie together , ? 5. 祈使句的反意疑问句为willyou ? Don’t miss it , ? 6. 若陈述句部分含有never
, few , little
, hardly ,no ,seldom
,nobody ,nothing …否定词、 半否定词时，附加疑问句用肯定形式。 He can hardly understand it , ? 7. 陈述句的主语为不定代词时： 1). 主语为指人的不定代词时，附加疑问句的主语用 he / they .
No one was hurt , ? 2). 主语为指物的不定代词时，附加疑问句的主语用 it. Nothing is serious , ? 8. 表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句，其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。 He must be at school, ? 9. 陈述句的主语是this, that , these , those 时，附加疑问句的主语分别为it , they . This is a
new computer , ?
Those aren’t banana tees , ? 10. 当陈述句是主从复合句时， 其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为I think / believe /suppose /imagine /expect时，其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。 He said that he would leave here tomorrow , ? I don’t think you can do these
exercises alone , ? 11. 陈述句中有has / have / had 时，一定要注意。 1). 若句中是 hasto / have to / had to ,表“不得不” 附加疑问句的谓语用 doesn’t/ don’t/ didn’t 进行反问.  They had to leave early , ?
2).  若句中是 has / have / had 表“有 ”， 其附加疑问句的谓语用 do/ does / did 进行反问。 He has few friends in the new school, ? 3). 若句中是 has/ have / had +过去分词时，其反义疑问句的谓语用 has/have/had 进行反问。He has never been to Beijing , ? She had studied
a few English songs by the end of last month. , ? 五、反义疑问句的回答： 反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答，若事实是肯定的，就用 yes , +肯定形式。若事实是否定的， 就用 No, +否定形式。 注意：在前否后肯的句子中，yes 表示“不”而 No 表示“是的”。She didn’t come to
school yesterday, did she ? ,
though she was not feeling well. A.No, she didn’t B.No
, she did C.Yes , she didn’t D.Yes
, she did 考点归纳十六：状语从句 一、引导词的选择： 1. 时间状语从句 1). 由 when、 while、as（当……时候）引导的时间状语从句。When jack got home , his mother was cooking . 2). 由 after/ before (在….之后/前)引导的时间状语从句。The football match played after school was over . 3). 由 assoon as (一…..就……)引导的时间状语从句。I’ll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing . 4). 由 not….until（直到…..才…..）引导的时间状语从句。They didn’t stop until they finished the work . 2. 原因状语从句 由 because 、since 、as（因为、既然、由于）引导的原因状语从句。Since you have known about that ,
please tell us what to do . 3. 地点状语从句 由 wherever（无论在哪儿） 引导的地点状语从句。Wherever he goes , he always brings
his pet dog . 4.目的状语从句 由 so that (以便、为的是)引导目的状语从句。 He got up very early so that he
could catch the early bus . 5.条件状语从句 由 if 或 unless 引导条件状语从句。 I won’t go to his party unless
I am invited . 6. 比较状语从句 由 than、 as…as、not as……as 引导比较状语从句。There are more students in our class
than in theirs . 7.让步状语从句 由 though 、even though/ if 、although
引导让步状语从句。 Although he
didn’t pass the exam
,his father didn’t
get angry with him . 8. 方式状语从句 由 as if (好像)引导方式状语从句。 He talked about
that as if he knew everything . 9. 结果状语从句 由 so…that…、such….that…（如此…..以致于…）引导结果状语从句。It was raining
so hard that we couldn’t
see the road . 二、状语从句与主句的时态问题 1. 时间状语从句、条件状语从句与主句的时态不一致。（主句用将来时，而时间、条件状语从句用一 般现在时） If it (not
rain) tomorrow ,we (go)
to climb the hill . He (become)
a sodier when he (grow) up . 2. since引导的时间状语从句。 It is + 时间+since + 一般过去时 It (be)
ten years since we (leave)
that city . 3. 由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态： 主句（过去进行时）+when +从句（一般过去时） 主句（一般过去时）+when +从句（过去进行时）
主句（一般过去时）+while +从句（过去进行时） 主句（过去进行时）+while +从句（过去进行时） 注意：看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时，动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时。 Mother (cook)supper when I (get)homeyesterday. LastSunday I (meet)Lin
Hong when I (walk)in the
street . While Han Meimei (sweep)the
floor , Lucy (carry)
water. When the students (have)a
meeting, the teacher (come)
in . 4.由 when、after、before、by the time 引导的时间状语从句的时态： 主、从句的谓语动作都以完成，则先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
When they (get)
to the cinema last light , the film (start) . I (go)
out with my friends after I (finish)
all the homework last night . 1. 人称的变化：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。 1). “一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致. She said “I like playing basketball”. She said that playing
basketball . 2). “二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致. She asked Tom “Can I have a look at your picture”. She asked Tom if could have a look at picture . 3). “第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变. She said to me “They want to help me”. She told me that to help me . 2. 指示代词，时间、地点状语的变化 指示代词 | this | that | that | those | 时间状语 | now | then | today | that day | this morning | that morning | three days ago | three days before | Last week | the week before | tomorrow | the next / following day | next year | the next year | 地点 状语 | here | there | 动词 | come | go |
二. 宾语从句的考查 宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。 1.考查宾语从句的语序： 宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即 “主语+谓语+…… Do you know when ? A.does the next train leave B.the next train
leaves C.will the next train leave D.the
next train will leave 注：若从句时疑问句，但语序不变的有： 1).who 在从句中作主语。 Can you tell me ?(谁将来这儿) 2).what’s wrong / the matter ? He asked what
was the matter with me . 3).what happened I don’t know what happened yesterday
. 4).which is the way to ….? Can you tell me which is the wayto the park ? 2.考查宾语从句的引导词 1). 若宾语从句时陈述句时，引导词用that 且that可省掉。 She said “I’m gald tosee you” = She said gald
to see me . 2). 宾语从句时一般疑问句时，引导词用if
或whether
. 一般情况下if /whether
可互换，但后有or not / or 、动词不定式或介词的后面时，只能用whether. He saked me “Are you going to Wuhan ?” = He asked me going
to Wuhan. I’m thinking about to
go there . A.if B.whether C.that 3). 宾语从句时特殊疑问句时，引导词用特殊疑问词。 Do you know ?
I’m not sure ,Maybe
he is a businessman . A.who he is B.who
is he C.what he does D.what
does he do 4). 若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时，就改为ask/tellsbtodosth.若为否定祈使句，就改为ask/tell sb not to sth . “Don’t open the door” The teacher said. = The teacher told me the
door . 3.宾语从句的时态 1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。 Can you tell me ? He
is a doctor . A.what is he B.what he was C.what he is D.what
was he 2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时，
过去将来时，过去完成时）。 He asked . A.what time it is B.what time is it C.what
time it was D.what time was itHe told me that he for
the sports meet. A.is preparing B.was preparing C.will
prepare D.has prepared 注：1) 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。 Our teacher said that January (be) the first month of the year. Our teacher said that the earth (go)
around the sun. 2).若主句为could you …..?表示请求客气的语气，从句的时态仍然不变。 Could you tell me ? A.what he was doing B.what
was he doing C.what he is doing D.what
is he doing 4. if /when 引导状语从句和宾语从句这两种从句。从句的时态的确定。
| if | When | if/when
从句的时 态 | 条件/时 间状语从句 | 如果、假如 | 当…的时候 | 一般现在时 | 宾语从句 | 是否 | 什么时候 | 一般将来时 |
Can you guess if they to playfootball with us ? I think theywill come if they free. A. come , are B. will come , will be C. will come , are D.
come , will be Can you tell me when he here tomorrow? When he here , please call
me . A. comes , comes B. will come , will come C. will come ,comes D. comes, will come 5.宾语从句的简化： 1). 宾语从句是陈述句时，且主、从句的主语一致，可简化为“动词+ to do sth”. I hope I
can meet you again . I hope you
again . 2). 宾语从句是疑问句时，且主、从句的主语一致，或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑 问词+ to do sth”. I don’t know what I should do
next . I don’t know next . Could you
tell me how I can get there ? Could you tell
me there ? John didn’t
decide which shirt he would buy . John didn’t decide . 3).hear/see/find+that+ 从句，可改为“hear/see/find+sb(要用宾格)+doingsth”. I heard
that they were singing in the next room.= I heard in
the next room . We found
that she was playing with the cat under the tree . We found with
the cat under the tree. 考点归纳十八：定语从句 一、定语从句（一）： 1. 定语从句的概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 2. 先行词： 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 3. 关系词： 引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如
that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when 等。 4. 由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。 关系词 | 指代 | 在定语从句中的作用 | that | 既指人也指物 | 作主语、宾语 |
which | 指物 | 作主语、宾语 | who | 指人 | 作主语 | whom | 指人 | 作宾语 | whose | 既指人也指物 | 作定语 |
二、定语从句（二） 1.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用 that 也可用 which.但下列情况下，只能用 that 不用 which。 1). 当先行词为指物的不定代词，如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、theone 等时，只能用that。 There is nothing I can do for you . 2). 当先行词被the only、the very、the last、all、no、little等词修饰时，只能用that。 This is the very book I’m looking for . 3). 先行词被序数词修饰时，只能用that。 This is the first nextbook I studied in the middle school . 4). 先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。 This is the
most beautiful mountain I
have ever seen .= I have seen a beautiful mountian . 5). 先行词既有人也有物时，只能that。 He told us many interesting
things and persons we had . 2.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用 that 也可用 which.但下列情况下，只能用 which 不用 that。 1).关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用which。 This is the buildingin he lives . 2). 先
行 词 本 身 是 that 时
， 关 系 词 只 能 用 which 。The clock is that tells the time . 3).引导非限定性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用which。 His book , was
lost last week , has been found now. 3.先行词是人时，一般情况下既可用 who 也可用 that 。但以下情况下，只能用 who。 1). 当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时，一般用who 。 Those are
singing are all my classmates . 2). 在therebe 句型中，先行词指人时，只能用who。指物时用that。 There is a girl expects
to see you . 3). 当先行词是I、you、he、they等时，只能用who 。 He plays
with fire gets burned . 三、定语从句（三）。 由关系副词 when、where、why
引导的定语从句。 where = in
/ at +which when = in / on / at +which why
= for + which 1. 由where引导的定语从句。 1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语 Is this the house you lived ?= Is
this the house you
lived ? = Is this the house you lived in ? 2. 由when引导的定语从句。 1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语 I will never
forget the days I met him .= I will
never forget the days I met him. 注：先行词是 the last time 时，when 可省略。When was the last time you saw the parrot ? 3.由why引导的定语从句。 先行词为 reason时，一般用 why 。 why 在句中作原因状语。We don’t know the reason they
didn’t come . 四、注意事项： 1. 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。 The story he told was very popular . A.who B.whom C.whose D. / 2. that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。 I loves singerswho (write) their own songs . She is one of the girls who (study)
hard . 3. 在定语从句中不能出现代替先行词的人称代词。 Will you please show me the book yesterday? A. which you bought B.
that you bought it C. you bought D.
you bought it 4. 定语从句中whose 的确定： 无论先行词是人或物，在定语从句中做定语用
whose。 判断：看定语从句的主语前有无限定词（my、your、Jim’s 等），若没有，则用 whose 。
The girl parents
work in Beijing is Kate . A. who B. whose C. which D. that I know the boy .
His handwriting is very good .= I know the boy handwriting
is very good. 五、定语从句的简化 把定语从句简化为形容词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语。1.She reveived a box which was full of
presents . She reveived a box presents . 2. He likes reading books that was
written by Luxun. He likes reading booking Luxun . 3. I like Chinese tea which has nothing
in it . I like Chinese tea in
it . 4. Do you know the girl who is wearing a
red dress . Do you know the girl a
red dress . 第三部分：补全对话考点 1.打电话用语： 一、拨电话方的交际用语： 1.Could /May/Can
I speak to …,please? 请找…接电话，好吗？ 2.Who’s that (speaking) ? 你是哪一位呀？ 3.This is …(speaking)./This is …here./ …here speaking . 我 是 ……. 4.Could you ask him /
her to call me back ? 你能让他、她给我回电话吗？ 5.I’m
calling to ask / tell you to ….我打电话给你是想告诉你去……. 6.That’s very kind of you ( to
help me ) . 你能帮助我真是太好了。 二、接电话方的交际用语： 1.Hello! 6098724. 你好！这里是 6098724. 2.This is …..(speaking). 我 就 是…… 3.Who’s that (speaking )? 请问你是哪位 ？ 4.Yes,
it is . 是的，我就是。 No, this is ….. 不， 我是…… 5.Hold on (for a moment ), please .
/ One moment ,please . 请稍后，别挂机。 6. I’msorry / afraid he’s /she’s out at the moment / right now . 对不起，他/她现在不在。7.Can
I take a message ( for you ) ? 我能替你稍话吗？ 8.I’ll leave a message on his
/ her desk . 我会在他/她的桌上留个便条。9.What’s your telephone number ? 你的电话是多少？ 10.I’ll
give / take her the message . 我会稍信给她的。 考点 2.购物用语： 一、营业员常用的交际用语： 1.Can I help you
? What can I do for you ? 你要买什么？ 2.Which would you like ? 你喜欢哪一个？ 3.How many /
much …. Do you want ? 你要多少？ 4.Is that all ? 就买这些吗？ 5.What about
this one ? 这件怎么样？ 6.Do
you like …. ? 你喜欢……吗? 7.What color/
size / kind do you like / want ? 你喜欢/想要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的？ 8.Which one /
color do you like / want ? 你喜欢/想要哪个/哪种颜色？ 9.I’m afraidwe haven’t got any … In that size at the moment .恐怕我们现在没有那个尺寸的… 10.I’m sorry, we have sold out the …. In your size . 对不起，你要的尺寸我们已经卖完了。11.Here you are
. 给你。 12.No hurry . 别着急。 13. please take your time. 慢慢来。 14. Let me see , twenty yuan, please. 我看一下，20 元。15.You haven’t paid for it yet . 你还没有付钱。 16.That’s the cheapest / most
expensive one we have , I’m
afraid . 恐怕这是我们最便宜/最贵的 二、顾客常用的交际用语： 1.I want /
would like to buy some ….(for ….). 我想买一些….. 2.I’ll
have a look at the …. 我想看看….. 3. Thank you ,that’s all . 谢谢你。就这些吧。 4. I like the color , but it’s/they’retoo …. 我喜欢这颜色，但它/ 他们太….. 5.It’s great ,but it’s not ….enough . 不错，但它不够….. 6. No, the color is too ….. 不，颜色太….. 7. I prefer ….but this ….is too…. 我喜欢….,但这个….太….. 8.That’s too light 太浅了。 9. Yes, that’s just right . 好的，这个正合适。 10. Have you got any other kind / color /size ? 你有其他种类/ 颜色/ 尺寸的吗？ 11.That looks nice /great . 看起来不错。 12. Have you got anything cheaper ? 你有更便宜点的吗？ 13.That’s a bit expensive . I’ll think
about it . 有点贵，我要考虑一下。 14. How much does it cost ?
/How much do they cost ?/How much are these things ? 多少钱。15.That’s much too expensive .I’mafraid . 恐怕太贵了。 16. That’s (quite) cheap /dear . 这不算贵/ 这相当贵。 17.I like it ,but it costs too much. 我喜欢它，但是太贵了。 18.I can’t decide . 我决定不了。 19. That’s fine .I’ll take it / them . 不错，我买了。20.Can
/ May I try them / it on ,please ? 我能试一试吗？ 21.I don’t think I’ll take it . 我觉得不会买。22.Here is the money . 买单。 考点 3 问路及应答的用语： 一、问路的交际用语： 1.Excuse me ,where’s …….? 劳驾，……在哪儿？ 2.How can I get to …….? 我怎么去…….? 3. Which is the way to the ……? 去…..是哪一条路？ 4. Can you tell me the way to the ……? 你能告诉我去…..的路吗？ 5.Could you tell me how
to get to the ……? 你能告诉我怎样去…..吗？ 6.Could you tell me how I can
get to the …..? 你能告诉我怎样去….吗？ 7.Which bus can take me to the …… ? 哪路公共汽车可以带我去……？ 8.Which bus can I catch to the …….? 我可以乘几路公共汽车去……？ 9.Which number
do I need ? 我需要乘几路车？ 10.Is
it far from here ? 离 这 儿 远 吗 ？ 11.How
far is it ? 有多远？ 12.Thank you
./ Thank you all the same . 谢谢。 二、指路的交际用语： 1. It’s over there
. It’s over there on the left / right
.在那儿左边/右边 2. It’s next to the …./in front of the …./behind the …../outside the ….它在…的旁边/ 前面/后面/外边 3. It’sbetween …. And …..它在….和…之间。4.It’s at the end of the street. 在街尾。 5. Walk/Go along/ downthe road/ the street , andtake the secondturning on the left/ right . 沿这条路/街，然后在第二个转弯处朝左/右拐。 6. It’sabout a hundred metersalong on the left /
right . 大约在前方 100 米处左/右。7.It’s about 4 kilometres away . 大约有4，000 米远。 8. You had better take / catch a bus .
你最好乘坐公共汽车。 9. Go down this street until you reach the secondtraffic lights .沿着这条街一直走到第二个交通灯那儿。 10. At the end of the road you’llsee the ….. 至路尾你就会看到……11.It will take you about half an hour . 大约要花半个小时到那儿。12.Go across the bridge . 从桥上走过去。 13. Go up this road to the end . 沿着这条路走到尽头。 14.Turn left / right at the second crossing . 在第二个十字路口朝左/右拐。 15. Takethe No.3 bus and it will take you straightthere . 乘 3 路公共汽车，会把你直接带到那儿 16.The No.72 bus will take you there. 72 路公共汽车会把你带到那儿。 17. You’dbetter take No.10 bus to the hospital. 你最好乘坐 10 路公共汽车去医院。18.You can’t miss it . 你不会错过的。 19.It’s about 15 minutes’ walk . 步行大约 15 分钟。考点
4.看病的用语： 一、医生常用的交际用语： 1.What’s wrong with you ? What’s the matter? 你怎么哪？ 2.How long have
you been like this ? 你像这样有多久？ 3.Have you taken your temperature ? 你量过体温吗？ 4.Do you sleep very well ? 睡觉好吗？ 5.What do eat for your meals? 你三餐吃过什么？ 6. Haveyou had anything to eat this morning ? 早晨吃过什么？ 7.Have you got/ had a headache
/ cough ? 你头痛/咳嗽吗？ 8.Maybe you have caughta bit of a cold ? 也许你有点感冒。9.There is nothing serious. 不严重。 10. You’d better have more/ less food and take some exercise . 你最好多/少吃食物并且参加一些锻炼。 11. Take this medicineand stay in bed for a few days . 吃这个药并卧床休息几天。 12. Takethis medicine every four hours and drink more hot water . 每 4 小时吃一次这个药并多喝开水。 13.Do you smoke ? You’d better stop smoking . 你抽烟吗？ 最好戒烟。 14. You will get better soon . You will be all right /well
soon . 你会很快好起来的。 二、病人常用的交际用语： 1.I have got a
headache / cough . 我头痛/咳嗽。2.I’ve
got a pain here . 我这儿痛。 3.I’m not feelingwell . I don’t
feel very well .I feel terrible . 我感觉不舒服。4.Is
it serious ? 严重吗？ 5. I’ve been like this ever since last night. 我从昨天晚上起一直这样。 6. There’s something wrong with ….. 我…..不舒服。7.This place hurts . 这儿疼。 考点
5.问候的交际用语： 1.Hello! Hi ! 2.Good
morning/ afternoon / evening 3.How do you do
! 4.How are you ? Fine ,thank you .And you ? 5.How
is your father /mother ? 6.How is
everything ? How is it going ? 考点
6.介绍的交际用语： 1.What’s your name ? 2.May I know your name ? 3.My
name is Jones . 4.What’s
your first name ? 5.Nice to meet you . 6.I’m
pleased /happy /glad to meet you . 考点 7.告别的交际用语： 1.Goodbye! Bye-bye ! 2.Good night! 3.I’m afraid I have to go now . It’s gettinglate . 4.Let’s get together soon !
5.See you soon /later /tomorrow . 6.We
had a good time . 7.Thank you for having us . 8.It’s a pleasure . 9.Take care ! 考点 8.感谢和应答的交际用语： 1.Thank
you /Thank you very much . 2.It’s
very kind of you . 3.Not at all
/That’s OK /That’s all right /You’re welcome /It’s a pleasure /My pleasure
. 考点 9.祝愿、祝贺和应答的交际用语： 1.Good luck to you !. 2.Merry Christmas! 3.Happy New Year ! 4.Happy
birthday ! 5.Enjoy yourself! 6.Have fun ! 7.Have a good time ! 8.Congratulations ! 9.Thank you , and you too ! 10.The
same to you ! 考点 10.意愿及应答的交际用语： 1.I’m
ging to pick some apples . 2.I’d
like you to meet my parents , too . 3.I want to take some books to the
classroom . 4.I hope to see you soon . 5.I hope you
have a good time . 6.Thank you 7.I’m
sorry I can’t 8.I’m afraid I can’t . 考点 11.道歉与应答的交际用语： 1.I’m sorry. 2. I’m
sorry for …. 3.Never mind 4.It doesn’t matter 5.Forget it 考点12.遗憾和同情的交际用语： 1.I’m sorry to hear that .
2.I know how you feel . 3.Don’t worry about it 4.oh ,come on .Cheer up . 5.That’s too bad 6.
What a pity ! 考点 13.邀请与应答的交际用语： 1.Do you want to …..? 2.Would
you like to ….? 3.That
sounds great . 4.That sounds like fun 5.I’m afraid I can’t come to your party . 6.Maybe some other day 考点 14.提供（帮助）和应答的交际用语： 1.Can I help you ? 2.What
can I do for you ? 3.Let
me help you 4.Thanks .That would be nice 5.That’s very kind of you 6.Thanks
for your help 7.Would you like some …..? 8.Yes, please / No, thanks 考点 15.请求允许和应答的交际用语： 1.Can / Could /MayI ….? 2.Yes ./ certaily / Yes , do please./ Of course / Ok ? All right . 3.I’m
sorry , but ….. /
You’d better not …. 考点 16.表示同意和不同意的交际用语： 1.Certainly / Sure ? Of course 2.Yes, please 3.Yes, I think so . 4.All
right / Ok . 5.That’s
a good idea . 6.I agree (withyou ). 7.No ,I don't thinkso 8.I’m
afraid not 9.I disagree (with you ) 考点
17.表示肯定和不肯定的交际用语： 1.I’m
sure . 2.I’m sure that ….. 3.I’m not sure . 4.I’m not sure if …… 5.Maybe . / Perhaps . 考点
18.喜欢和厌恶的交际用语： 1.Do you like ….? 2.Which do
you like better , …or…? I like … better than …. 3.Which do you like best , …,….or ….? I like …best . 4.I like/ love ….a lot /very much /a little . 5.I don’t like …at all 6.I hate …. 7.I
preper to…rather
than …. 考点 19.谈论天气的交际用语： 1.What’s the weather like today ? 2.How
is the weather ? 3.It’s fine / cloudy /windy /rainy 4.It’s rather warm / cold / hot , isn’t it ? 5.Lovely weather, isn’t it ? 6.What a heavy rain ! 7.What a strong wind ! 考点
20.询问时间或日期和应答的交际用语： 1.What day is it today? 2.What’s the date today? 3.What time is it ?/ What’s the time ? 4.It’s Monday 5.It’s July 1st 6.It’s six o’clock / half pass six /a quarter to eight . 7.It’s
time for ….. / It’s time to do sth . 考点 21.请求的交际用语： 1.Can /Could you….. for me ? 2.Will
you please ……? 3.May
I have …? 4.Please
give /pass me …. 5.Please wait (here/ a moment) 6.Please hurry . 考点22.劝告和建议的交际用语： 1.You’d betterask the man . 2.Why don’t you go to the park? 3.How /Whatgoing out for awalk ? 4.All right. thanks 5.Right. I’ll do that 6.That’s a good idea.Thank you 7.You are right
8.Shall we play together ? 9.You shouldn’t
stay up too late . 10.I
don’t mind . 考点
23.禁止和警告的交际用语： 1.You can’t do that 2.If
you don’t get up ,
you’ll be late for school. 3.Be careful / Take care 4.Make sure
you lock the door when you leave . 5.Don’t walk there . The floor is wet . 考点 24.表示感情的交际用语： 1.I’m glad /pleased /happy to
meet you . 2.That’s nice 3.That’s wonderful/ great .
4.She’s worried. 5.Oh, what should I do ? 6.Really ? 7.Oh, dear! 8.Is that so ? 考点 25.就餐的交际用语： 1.What would you like tohave ? 2.Would
you like something to eat/ drink ? 3.I’d like a cup of coffee. 4.Help yourself to some fish . 5.Thankyou ,I’ve fullenough. 6.Just a little ,please ! 考点 26.约会的交际用语： 1.Are you free thisaftrenoon / evening? 2.How about tomorrow morning /aftrenoon/evening?
3.Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate ? 4.Let’s make it six o’clock tomorrow . 5.Yes, I’ll be free then . 6.No,
I won’t be free then 7.All
right . See you then . 8.It doesn’t matter . We can make it
some time next week . 9.When can you make it ? 考点 27.传递信息的交际用语： 1.Will you
please give this note/ message to Kate ? 2.He asked me to give you
note . 3.Thanks for the message . 考点 28.求助的交际用语： 1.Help ! / Fire ! Thief ! 2.What’s the matter? 3.Could you give me a hand ? 4.Would you help me ? 5.Do
you mind helping me with my English ？ 考点 29.处理交际中的障碍： 1.Pardon . 请再说一遍。 2.Please
say that again / more slowly . 3.I’m sorry I can’t follow you 4.I’m sorry I know only a
little English . 5.What do you mean by ….? 考点 30.常见的标志和说明： 1.BUSINESS HOURS 2.OFFICEHOURS 3.OPEN 4.CLOSED 5.PULL 6.PUSH 7.NO SMOKING 8.NO PHOTO 9.NO PARKING 10.DANGER 11.ON 12.OFF 13.PLAY 14.ENTRANCE 15.EXIT 16.PAUSE 17.SHUT 18.MEN’S (WOMEN’S) 19.SOS 20.EMS 21.VACANT 22.OCCUPIED 23.NO ADMITTANCE 24.BATHING PROHIBITED |
