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该文档是李维版上海大学机电英语翻译复习资料，请同学们正确使用该文档，打印出该文档，可以用于晨读，以做好充分的考前复习 1. the skills included in the field of mechanical engineering 2. the first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock 3. the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers 4. the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers 5. the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems 6. erect the marvelous buildings of ancient world 7. theoretical science such as physics and mathematics 8. make practical application of theoretical science 9. empirical information depended on observation and experience 10. t he mathematical ability of calculate the mechanical advantage 11. t he complex interection of many different machnisms 12. p utting water and steam to work 13. t he number of scientific and engineering specialities 14. s anitary or environmental engineering 15. t he study of water supply purification sewer systems 16. i ndustry engineering 17. a person who operates or maintains machine 18. l abor was divided up according to skill 19. t o work at highly specialized job 20. b etter, more efficient mass-production techniques 21. m ake highly efficient use of energy 22. c reative planning to meet some special human need 23. p roduct should work properly(functional requirement) 24. p roduct must be made of the correct material(material requirement) 25. p roduct should be pleasing to look at(visual requirement) 26. c ost,durability and strength 27. d esign elements and principles 28. t o display color and texture 29. u nity,variety,proportion and balance 30. s tainless steel 31. m aterial resouces 32. h uman resouces 33. c apital resouces 34. m ass-production of high-quality goods 35. r esearch and development 36. p roduction tooling 37. p roduction planning and control 38. q uality control 39. p ersonnel management 40. m anufacturing 41. m arketing 42. c utting,forming,fastening,,surface finishing 43. m illing fixtures 44. l athe fixtures 45. g rinding fixtures 46. a ssembly fixtures 47. 和37重复 48. r outing 49.scheduling 50.dispatching 51.plant layout 52.a route sheet 53.a bill of materials 54.to meet certain standards 55.prevent defective articles from reaching the market 56.this allowance is called the tolerance 57.make sure products meet the sperifications 58.purchased material or parts 59.finished products 60.market research, advertising, packaging 61.distributing,selling and servicing 62.agile manufacturing 63.lean production 64.flexible manufacturing 65.massive transformations 66.business processes 67.flattening hierarchies 68.to achieve a competitive lead 69.to exploit a fundermental resource-knowledge 70.market opportunities 71.have some core skills or competencies 72.joint venture enterprises 73.virtual corporations 74.rapidly responding to changes in customer demand 75.customers and suppliers 76.systematic methods of analysis and synthesis 77.the initial creative phase of problem solving 78.to solve detailed problems 79.to requires careful detective work 80.the ability to make a realistic assessment of what is technologically feasible 81.a feel for color ,form, texture and proportion 82.to understand the structure of the design process 83.expertise is required in many different disciplines 84.to remain competitive 85.new knowledge about advances in all fields of engineering and science 86.original design ,adaptive design ,scaled design 87.five basic steps 88.task definition 89.conceptual design 90.layout design 91.detail design 92.design follow-up 93.the functional relationship of components and physical structure 94.more accurate feasibility and cost estimates 95.optimize utilization of an organization’s resources 96.continually subject designs to value analysis 97.to reduce cost with an equal or increased level of quality 98.conception,design,development,refinement and application 99.understanding of the underlying sciences 100.more intensive scientific research 101.empirical information and professional judgement 102.the professional nature of the subject 103.a more sophisticated knowledge of the underlying technology 104.a more effective and economical ultilization of existing production technology 105.a more pleasing esthetic apperance 106.stress-strain-strength relationships 107.friction,lubrication,wear and environmental deterioration 108.describe the size and shape of each part 109.the process of making drawings 110.drafting communicates facts and ideas 111.a visible line is a thick solid line 112.visible line 113.be used to show the outline of an subject 114.a hidden line is a thin dashed line 115.a dimension line 116.a thin line that shows the extent of a dimension 117.an extension line 118.thin line that extends out from the object 119.extension line is used with a dimension line 120.a leader 121.a thin line that points out the part to which a dimension or note refers 122.center line 123.a thin line that consists of alternating long and short dashes 124.a cutting plane line 125.either long dashes 126.long dashes separated by two short dashes 127.a cutting plane line 128.an imaginary cut through an object 129.section line are thin parallel lines 130.section line and section view 131.cut surfaces 132.section line are drawn at an angle 133.break line 134.part of an object has been removed 135.phantom line 136.a thin line used to draw alternate positions for a part 137.orthographic 138.place the views at right angles to one another 139.projection 140.flat surfaces or plane 141.show the parts of an object 142.every object has six views 143.a top and a bottom 144.a front and a back 145.a right and a left 146.determine the scale and paper size needed 147.section view 148.show interior or hidden details of objects 149.overall size,size dimensions,location dimensions 150.extension line,dimension line and dimension text 151.working drawings 152.assembly drawings 153.exploded assembly drawings 154.physical and mechanical properties 155.good conductors of electricity and heat 156.the properties of metals are due to their structure 157.hardness 158.resists penetration,wear,cutting and scratching 159.tensile strength 160.resists stretching 161.ductility 162.easy to form without tearing or rupturing 163.toughness 164.resists shock and impact,not brittle 165.elasticity 166.resists bending 167.compressive strength 168.resists squeezing 169.fatigue strength 170.resists fracturing 171.pure metals and alloys 172.steel is an alloy of iron and carbon 173.high-carbon steel, medium carbon steel,low-carbon steel 174.tool steel and special steel 175.metallurgical is the science of making metals and alloys for practical use 176. ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal 177.steel,copper,nickel,lead,aluminum,gold,silver 178.basic elements used in making cast iron,wrought iron and steel 179.metals to be used by industries 180.bars,sheets,plates and other forms 181.squeezed between rollers which red hot 182.such metals have bluish scale on the surface 183.hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled steel 184.copper is reddish brown 185.sheets,tubes,or rods in a variety of sizes 186.brass is an alloy of copper and zinc 187. 90 percent copper and 10 percent zinc 188.aluminum is silver-white,is remarkably light and is easily worked 189.heating and cooling metal 190.the process to change the properties of metals 191.heat treatment 192.drilling and boring,turing,planning,milling and grinding 193.a rotating offset single-point tool 194.a rotating cutting tool which has multiple cutting-edges 195.a variety of combinations of flat and curved surfaces 196.the travel path of the tool 197.to correct distortions that may have resulted from treatment 198.the most useful and versatile machines 199.the headstock and tailstock at opposite ends of a bed 200.a tool-post which holds the cutting tool 201.saddle or carriage 202.move sidewards as well as along 203.stress 204.bending or twisting 205.driving heat 206.gear mechnism 207.spindle which holds the workpiece 208.a feed-shaft from the headstock 209.drive the tool-post alone the saddle 210.to control the speed of rotation of the shaft 211.to control the speed of the forward or backward movement of the tool-post 212.various types of chucks 213.lead-screw is a long screwed shaft 214.to drive the tool-post forwards along the saddle at correct speed 215.to alter the ratio of spindle and lead-screw speeds 216.to alter the pitch of the threads 217.laser light can be made extreamly intense and highly directional 218.solid state laser,gas laser,semiconductor laser 219.highest power output 220.to generate a burst of light over a short time 221.laser machining 222.an intense hight directional coherent monochromatic beam of light 223.to be focused on a small spot with enormous power density 224.in a precise manner 225.readily heat,melt or vaporize material 226.gas welding, arc welding, resistance welding 227.laser welding 228.to receive a set of instructions or program 229.to carry out programs by performing calculations on numerical data 230.compiling and correcting other forms of information 231.the mathematical similarity between physical interrelationships in certain problems 232.analog computers and digital computers 233.to simulate the physical problem 234.to solve problems by dealing with each number digit by digit 235.lengths of specially calibrated scales 236.multiplication division and other functions 237.specially designed circuit elements 238.to determine a switch or gate 239.open or closed 240.the amount of date handled during each cycle 241.computer speed and and calculating power are further enhanced 242.the instruction sequence to be used to solve a problem 243.a computer with program storage 244.the instructions were stored within a so-called memory 245.the use of the the transistor in computers 246.smaller,faster and more versatile logical elements 247.further reduction in price,size and failure rate 248.the large scale integrated circuit 249.the very large scale integrated circuit 250.a group of eight bits is called a byte 251.each byte containing 256 possible patterns of Ons and OFFs 252.each pattern is the equivalent of an instruction,a part of an instruction 253.a particular type of datum 254.a number,or a character or a graphics symbol 255.the complete collection of recognizable patterns 256.the total list of operations of which a computer is capable 257.instruction set 258.cost and performance 259.microcomputer,workstation,minicomputer,mainframe computer 260.enhance graphics and communications capabilities 261.microcomputer 262.a digital computer 263.a system composed of five distinct elements 264.a central processing unit 265.input devices 266.memory storage devices 267.output devices 268.a communication network called a bus 269.perform arithmetic calculations 270.perform logical calculations 271.to time and control the operations of the other elements of the system 272.miniaturization and integration techniques 273.a microprocessor which incorporates additional circuitry and memory 274.the registers are temporary storage areas 275.to hold data 276.to keep track of instructions 277.to hold the location and results of these operations 278.interrupt unit 279.the order in which individual operations use the CPU 280.the regulate the amount of CPU time that each operation may consume 281.control bus, address bus and data bus 282.information typed at the keyboard 283.recognizable patterns 284.physical motion of the mouse 285.motion on a computer video display screen 286.electronic patterns that the computer can manipulate and store 287.spoken words 288.digital signals for the comouter 289.Random Access Memory 290.a million switched that are sensitive to changes in electric current 291.commands,datas or programs that computer needs to function 292.charges on a magnetically sensitive medium 293.store data 294.a disk coated with a fine layer of metallic particles 295.to translate digital signals into analog signals 296.s modem 297.to translate digital signals into analog signals 298.data can be transmitted via telecommunicatims 299.different types of peripheral devices of comouter 300.to handle and store data 301.data flows from dissimilar sources 302.operating system 303.master control program 304.to interpret user commands requesting various kinds services 305.execute a particular program 306.a program is a sequence of instructions 307.the operating instructions are embedded in their circuity 308.general-purpose computer 309.to depend on external programs to perform useful tasks 310:to include a wide range of applications programs of 311:a particular pattern of binary digital information 312:machine language 313:binary-based language 314:the time saved in running the program 315:to shorten and simplify the programming process 316:three-letter mnemonic code 317:machine-language command 318:assembly-language programs 319:symbolic operands 320:to execute the program 321:high-level languages 322:to translate commands into machine-language instructions 323:a simplified programming language 324:to calculate involved complex mathematical formulas 325:BASIC is simple to learn and easy to use 326:be widely used in developing systems programs 327:one ongoing trend in computer development 328:to compress more circuit elements 329:smaller and smaller chip space 330:a network of computers 331:communications 332: groups of computers that are interconnected 333:to solve complex problems in creative ways 334:one path actively being explored 335:parallel processing computers 336:molecular computers 337:computer-aided technologies, its present state and its future 338:the role of computer in product design 339:the role of computer in machine operation 340:the role of computer in workpiece inspection 341:process control computer 342:factory data acquisition 343:quality control 344:monitoring of machine functions 345:the basic data acquired from the production floor 346:the foundation for the management information system 347:hierarchical computer control system 348:direct numerical control 349:planning,scheduling and programming 350:the execution of machining operations 351:a computer at an upper hierarchical level 352:a computer at a lower hierarchical level 353:real-time capabilities 354:interactive computer aided design(CAD ) activities 355:conventional design methods 356:complex assembly tasks 357:the advanced sensors and vision systems that are needed 358:to do automatic process planning 359:to implement a production schedule 360:data from the machining operation and material movement 361:to perform automatic process adjustments 362:storage and process buffers 363:the supply of the raw material 364:be initiated and supervised by the computer 365:a hierarchy of interconnected computers 366:repetitive short-range planning and control work 367:the computer is capable of handling routine work economically 368:computer integrated manufacturing 369:advanced manufacturing concepts 370:to transform purchased materials into product 371:design and specification activities 372:a bill of materials which is produced by product design 373:a sales forecast which is provided by marketing 374:the product’s bill of materials 375:process design information 376:be provided to accounting for cost calculations 377:无 378:in the format required 379:computer aided design 380:to create, store, modify, analysis and transfer an engineering design 381:computer aided manufacturing 382:the physical operations of a manufacturing facility 383:flexible manufacturing systems 384:computer integrated production planning control 385:products,resource,material,labour and demand data 386:the optimal control of production operations 387:artificial intelligence 388:the ability to demonstrate intelligent behavior 389:mind or intelligence 390:intuitive reasoning and induction 391: expert systems(knowledge-based expert programs) 392:questions within a specific domain 393:medical diagnoses and mineral prospecting 394:speech understanding 395:vision interpretation 396:natural-language processing 397:problem solving 398:learning 399:as research vehicles 400:specific, practical applications 401:to receive input from its environment 402:to determine an action or response 403:to deliver an output to its environment 404:techniques of expert reasoning 405:techniques of common-sense reasoning 406:techniques of signal interpretation and learning 407:to construct an effective response 408:facts and rules(declarative knowledge) 409:decision-making algorithms (procedural knowledge) 410:the way that scientists approach problems 411:the engineering techniques used to produce AI systems 412:very precise or delicate movements 413:much more difficult problems of programming sequences of movements 414:enable a robot to interact effectively with a natural environment 415.adapt to real-life circumstances 416. first-generation robot 417. a sequence of manipulative actions 418. precise workpiece positioning 419.increase in productivity and quality of product and work life 420.material handling, quality control, and assembly 421.both cost and performance criteria 422.the motions of each degree-of-freedom in a cooperative manner 423.smooth motions of the end-effector along predetermined paths 424.workpiece in motion along an assembly line 425.force, torque, and proximity sensors 426.provide some degree of adaptability to the robots’ environment 427.spot welding ,paint spraying, arc welding and some assembly 428.the incorporation of multiple computer processors 429.a separate low-level processor for each degree of freedom 430.master computer supervising and coordinating these processors 431.each low-level processor receives internal sensory signals 432.positon and velocity 433.the servosystem controlling each degree-of-freedom 434.to coordinate the actions of each degree-of-freedom 435.to perform coordinate transformation calculations 436.distributed hierarchical processing 437.the mechanical design of an industrial robot 438.application of engineering expertise in a variety of areas 439.machine design, structures design, and mechanical control, and electrical engineering 440.robot design decisions 441.design specifications 442.number of joints , size 443.load capacity ,and speed 444. to meet general performance criteria 445.to perform specific tasks 446.manipulator bearing ,shafts, links 447.other structural elements 448.strength and stiffness 449.meet work envelope requirements 450.meet mechanical accuracy requirements 451.worst case or average case 452.gravity and acceleration torques 453.loads 454.gear tooth load 455.gear tooth load limits in bending 456.gear tooth load limits in surface stress 457.life under estimated loads 458. to meet structural requirements 459.deflection limits 460.clearance bores for cables or air lines 461.links 462. to provide the required work range 463.a loaded deflection 464. the accuracy specification 465.looking through catalogs for appropriate components 466.available and appropriately priced standard hardware 467.designing and building the manipulator 468.dynamic performance 469.manipultaor with unpredictable dynamic performance 470.general motion capability 471. to perform the widest variety of tasks 472.a specific set of tasks 473.a specific set of tasks in mind 474.reach ,work envelope requirements 475.reorientation requirements 476.task specifications for reach ,work envelope 477.reorientation 478.overall size 479.number of degree of freedom 480.basic configuration 481. controlled-path motion for arc welding 482.continuous-path motion for spray painting 483.absolute positioning for CAM-based assembly 484.repeatability for materials handling 485.fine resolution for precise, real-time sensor-based motion 486.evaluating an existing or evolving design 487.compilation of lists of features to be considered 488.defining the rang of tasks for which the robot is to be buit 489.feature specifications 490.tasks of widely varying description 491.robot configuration 492.detailed consideration 493.sizing of the most important system components 494.evaluation of dynamic system performance 495.detailed drawings 496.to check out the design by building a very simple mockup 497.to discover and solve problems 498.automated teller machine 499.banking transactions 500.to withdraw cash, make deposits, check account balances 501.to transfer funds between savings and checking accounts 502.to hope simply to reduce their operating costs by replacing human tellers with machines 503.get cash at airports, office building, shopping malls, supermarkets, and other sites 504.lettering and embossed numbers on the card 505.identify the cardholder and the issuing bank 506.on the back of the cash card, a magnetic strip carries coded data 507.the cardholder’s personal identification number, bank account number 508.a number that identifies the issuing bank 509.the strip is made of plastic 510.coated with metallic particles magnetic 512.form a pattern that stores the card’s numerical data 513.an electromagnetic device called a card render 514.scan the magnetic strip on the card 515.convert the data coded on it into electrical signals 516.a receipt indicating the amount of the transaction and its date and time 517.the new balance in the cardholder’s bank account 518.gear ,levers, rotors, and other mechanical parts 519.tiny robots designed to perform specific functions 520. mechanical principles such as friction ,wear, and lubrication 521.Electronic detectors called sensors 522.Actuators and sensors 523. mechanical parts that do work 524. mainpulating tiny objects, such as individual cells under a microscope 525.The production of silicon microchips 526.A procedure called microlithography 527.(to create) microdevices from silicon 528.Mass-produce 529. Silicon’s mechanical and electronic properties 530.Electronic devices 531.Integrated devices 532. solve several fundamental problems 533. friction, air resistance ,electrical charge ,wear 534. the behaviour of fluids 535. micromachines that would have to withstand harsh environments 536.Measuring everything from ---to the moment-by-moment position of the crankshaft 537. Keep track of all of a vehicle’s temperatures, pressures 538.airflow 539 .Mechanical motions 540.Other operating factors 541.Medical microsensors 542. Measure blood pressure inside patients’ heart 543. Precision and sensitivity exceeding that of the human senses 544. ‘see’ ’hear ’’feel’ ’taste’ and ‘smell’ the world 545.Widely distributed sensors 546. Continuously gather data about … 547.The temperature of vats 548.The flow of fluids through pipes 549. Pressure in tanks 550. Progress of chemical reactions 551.Computer-based worldwide information network 552.To share information with each other and to share various resources 553.Powerful supercomputers 554.Databases of information 555.To effectively and inexpensively communication with each other 556.Sell products with a minimum overhead cost 557.A set of programs, standards and protocols 558.The way in witch multimedia files are created and displayed 559. Text, photographs, graphics, video and audio 560.Provide access to complex databases 561.Financial databases 562.Carry out commerce online 563.Advertising, selling, buying, distributing products 564.Providing after-sales services 565.Voice and video conferencing 566.A client-sensor relationship between computers 567. The client computer’s host network 568.Request information from a remote sever 569.Determines the best connection path between net works 570.router 571.Determines the best connection path between net works 572.A device that helps networks to make connections 573.The client computer 574.The server containing the requested information 575.Sends the information to the client in the form of a file 576.A special computer program called a browser 577.Text ,graphics ,photographs ,audio and video 578.Retrieving files from a remote sensor to the users terminal 579.The process of downloading 580.Dedicated access 581.The computer is directly connected to the Internet via a router 582.Dial-up access 583.Connects to the Internet over a telephone line 584.modem 585.Modem----a device that converts signals 586.The electrical signals from a computer 587.Signals that can be transmitted over traditional telephone lines 588.Provide dial-up access to the Internet 589.To be part of the Internet 590.A unique Internet Protocol network address 591.Internet address are called URLs (uniform resource locator) 592.URLs are a string of numbers 593.The Internet has affected scientific, personal and business communications 594.Prime movers 595.Chemical / heat (thermal) / atomic / mechanical energy 596.Mechanical advantage 597.Mechanical energy 598.Fluid-power machines 599.Electronic motors 600.Hydraulic pumps and fluid motors 601.lever 602.Wheel and axle 603.Pully and blocks 604. wedge 605.linkages 606.Pin connections 607.Sliding joints 608.The number of links 609.The number of joints 610. To describe the relative positions of the links 611.A four-bar linkage 612.One degree of freedom 613.two degrees of freedom 614.Constrained motion 615.Performing a useful mechanical function 616.Fixed / input(drive) / connecting / output(follower) links 617.A different input-output relationship 618.Complete revolutions 619. Rotates at a constant speed 620.Rotate in the same direction at a varying speed 621.Rotating counterclockwise at a uniform rate 622 crank-rocker mechanism 623 slider-crank mechanism 624 producing oscillatory motion 625 quick-return devices 626 the initial position and the extreme positions 627 describing, analyzing, and synthesizing the linkages 628 graphical and analytical methods 629 the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the links 630 performance characteristics 631 Space linkages 632 kinematic “pairs” 633 the cylindrical pair, the spherical pair and the screw pair 634 internal gear and external gears 635 driving gear and driven gears 636 spur gears, bevel gears and helical gears 637 pinion and rack 638 involute profiles, cycloidal profiles and circular profiles 639 gear trains 640 gear reducers 641 worm and worm gear 642 planetary gears 643 differential gears 644 non-circular gears 645 spiral bevel gears 646 hypoid gears 647 gear axis 648 gear box 649 gear reducer 650 the pitch circles 651 uniform velocity ratio 652 cam 653 follower 654 cam-follower mechanisms 655 reciprocating followers 656 oscillating followers 657 belt drives 658 flat belts and V belts 659 belt thickness 660 driving pulley and driven pulley 661 clutch 662 positive clutches 663 friction clutches 664 cone clutch 665 automatic clutch 666 magnetic clutch 667 centrifugal clutch 668 freewheeling clutch 669 coupling 670 universal joint 671 flexible couplings 672 gear couplings 673 magnetic couplings 674 hydraulic couplings 675 brakes 676 shoe brakes 677 spring-set brakes 678 disk brakes 679 electric brakes 680 flywheel 681 bearing 682 bearing cup 683 bearing cone 684 rolling element 685 cage 686 ball bearings 687 roller bearings 688 sliding bearings 689 cylindrical roller bearings 690 tapered roller bearings 691 miniature bearing 692 thrust bearings 693 axial-thrust bearing 694 journal bearing 695 needle bearings 696 jewel bearings 697 liquid-lubricated bearings 698 gas bearings 699 hydrodynamic film 700 oil-lubricated bearings 701 plastic bearings 702 wooden bearings 703 radial loads on shafting 704 thrust loads on shafting 706 automotive engine 708 four-stroke-cycle engine 710 The petrol and air mixture 705 self-lubricating bearing 707 explosive motor 709 Cylinder, piston,linkage and valve 711 Friction and lubrication 712 the transmission between force and motion |
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