语法精讲—数词 表示数量多少或先后顺序的词称为数词。英语中数词可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目的多少,序数词表示顺序,意思是“第几”。它们的具体用法如下:
例如:Eight is my lucky number.My lucky number is eight. 2. hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score 这些词前面如有具体数字时,用单数形式,不能加“s”;但表示不确切的数目时,用复数形式,并要与 of 短语连用。 例如:three hundred people; five thousand years; thousands of people;hundreds of students; thousands of trees
基数词变化规律口诀: 1 至 12 逐个记,13 至 19 teen 结尾; B.序数词的用法 1.序数词表顺序,主要作定语,其前面须加上定冠词 the,此外,也作主语、宾语、表语和定语等,这时,被它所修饰的名词往往被省略。 例如:The first ( person ) to arrive is Mike. 2.序数词与名词连用时要在序数词前加定冠词 the(序数词前有 my, his, her 等修饰时除外)。 例如:She is always the first student who arrives at school.He is my second brother.
例如:Don’t give up. You can try a third time. 别放弃,再试一次。(表示已经试过两次了) 4.序数词可以用来表示顺序、生日、日期等。 例如: 音基数词变序数词的口诀: 解析: 1.除 first, second, third 之外,序数词一般在相对应的基数词词尾加“-th”构成。 如:three hundred and thirty-ninth C.分数表达法 1.分数表达遵循“子基母序,分子大于 1,分母加 -s”的原则。意思是分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示;如果分子大于 1 时,分母用复数。 例如 :one-fourth, two-fifths,three-tenths
如:Two thirds of the trees were cut down in our town.And only one third of the land is covered by trees now.
1.百分数中的百分号%用 percent 或 per cent 表示,百分数不用复数形式,数字用基数词表达。
例如:Seventy percent of students in our school are E.倍数的表达 1.倍数 形容词 / 副词的比较级 than 其他 My school is twice bigger than your school. 2.倍数 as 形容词 / 副词的原级 as 其他 His father is three times as tall as him. 3.倍数 the size / height / length / width of 其他 F.约数的表达
一展身手 【2019·四川省广元市】1. On my_____birthday, I got a new schoolbag as a gift from my parents. A. nine B. ninth C. the ninth 【2019·黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市】2. We are preparing programs to celebrate our country's_____birthday A. seventy B. seventieth C. seventeenth 【2019·贵州省贵阳市】3. There are 24 solar terms in a year. Grain Rain often starts in April, the_____month of the year. A. Third B. fourth C. fifth 【2019 广西省河池市】4. Please pass me _____ book on the right A. four B. fourth C. the four D. the fourth (答案见文末) 介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与其后的名词或相当于名词的其他词类或结构等构成介词短语,才能在句中充当定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语等。介词和介词短语很多,用法也比较灵活,因此在平时的学习中,同学们要注意一些常见介词的用法、区别和固定搭配。 A.表示时间的介词 1.表示“在……时” ① in:表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 例如:in the morning, in the 21st century; in winter; in 2018; in March ② on:表示具体某一天(星期,日期,节日当天)及特定的早、中、晚等。 例如:on Friday; on April 1st; on a cold morning ③ at:表示某一时刻或一刹那,或泛指节日及一些习惯用法等。 例如:at 9:00; at the end of; at night; at Christmas 2.表示“在……之后” ① in:in 一段时间表示将来的一段时间以后;常用 how soon 对其提问。 例如:My father will come back in two hours. ② after:after 时间段:可与过去时连用;after 时间点:既可与将来时连用也可与过去时连用。 例如:He came back after two hours. He will be back after three o’clock. 3.表示“自从……” ① from:仅说明什么时候开始,若要说明某动作或情况持续多久,要和介词 to 连用。 例如:The museum is usually open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. ② since:后接时间点,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。 例如:We have lived here since 2012. 4.表示持续 for:后接时间段,表示动作延续贯穿整个过程,句子用完成时。 例如:We have lived here for 20 years. B.表示方位的介词 1.表示“在……上” ① above:表示一个物体高过另一个物体,不强 调是否垂直。 例如:A plane is flying above my head. ② over:表示一个物体在另一个物体的垂直上方。 例如:There is a bridge over the river. ③ on:表示一个物体在另一个物体表面上,并且两个物体互相接触。 例如:Iput a book on the desk. 2.表示“在……下” ① below:表示在……下,不一定在正下方。 例如:Don’t write below the line. ② under:表示在……正下方。 例如:There is a basketball under the table. 3.表示“在……前面” ① in front of:在范围外的前面。 例如:There is a tree in front of the house. ② in the front of:在范围内的前面。 例如:There is a desk in the front of the classroom. 4.at, in, on, to ① at:后一般加小场所(建筑物,公安机关等),表示“在……附近,旁边”。 例如:We arrived at the airport at 3 o’clock. ② in:后一般加大地方(洲、国家、省、地区、城市等),表示“在……范围之内”。 例如:China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲的东部。(中国是亚洲的一个国家,属于亚洲范围内) ③ on:表示毗邻,接壤。 例如:Shaanxi Province is on the northwest of Shanghai. ④ to:表示在……范围外,不接壤;或“到……”。 例如:Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。(在中国范围之外) C.表示方式的介词 1.by ① 表示抽象的方式或手段,后接名词时习惯上不用冠词,尤其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike,train, plane, car, taxi, ship 等),意思是“乘(车、船、飞机等)”。 例如:I used to go to school by bus, but now I am used to going to school by bike. ② 后接动名词表示行为的方式或手段。 例如:I learn English by listening to English songs. 2.with:表示具体的方法和工具,后加人体器官或某一具体的工具。 例如:He is writing a letter with a pen. 3.through:表示方式或方法,意思是“从、凭借、通过”。 例如:My brother got a job through his best friend. 一展身手 【2012福建福州】5. Bill has made great progress _____the help of his teachers. A for B. with C. under 【2012贵州毕节】6. Her mother goes to work _____bus every morning. A. by B.at C. on D. in 【2012贵州贵阳】7. Linda is not good at Chinese. but she passed the exam______the help of her classmates. A with B. under C. without (答案见文末) 连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子,在句子中不能单独用作句子成分。连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。 A.并列连词 并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、句子。并列连词主要有以下几种用法: 1.表示并列关系:and, or, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also ① and 和;与;同;又;而 ② or 或者;还是。也可连接分句,表示“否则”。 例如: Do you want an apple or an orange? You’d better study hard, or you’ll fail the exam. ③ both...and 两者都……。例如: Both he and I like English. ④ either...or 或者……或者;不是……就是…… ⑤ neither...nor 既不……也不……;两者都不 ⑥ not only...but also 不但……而且…… 注意:在 ④⑤⑥ 结构中,谓语动词的形式遵循“就近原则”。 例如: Either Jack or Jim goes with me. Neither I nor she likes playing basketball. Not only he but also I learn English well. 2.表示转折关系:but, yet 3.表示因果关系:for, so ① for: 做并列连词用时,是在对前面的句子补述原因或者理由,只可以连接句子与句子,通常不置于句首。 例如: He didn’t go to work today, for he was ill. ② so 因此,强调结果。 He was ill, so he couldn’t go to school today. B.从属连词 从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句等)。 1.引导时间状语从句 ① 表示“当……时”:when, while, as When I called him, he was reading. ② 表示“在……之前(后)”:before, after After he finished his work, he had a rest. ③ 表示“自从;直到……”:since, until, till I didn’t go home until 10 p.m. ④ 表示“一……就”:as soon as As soon as he arrives, he'll call you. 2.引导原因状语从句 because, as, since 表示“因为;由于”We didn't go out yesterday, because it rained heavily. 3.引导目的状语从句 so that, in order that 表示“为了”He gets up early every day so that he can catch the early bus. 4.引导条件状语从句 if 如果;unless 除非;as long as 只要 If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home. 5.引导让步状语从句 although, though, even though, even if 表示“即使,尽管” Although he is rich, he feels unhappy. 注意:在 although, though, even though, even if 引导的让步状语从句中,不用 but。 6.引导方式状语从句 as if, as though, as 表示“像……;正如”Do it as she does. 7.引导结果状语从句 so...that, such...that 表示“如此……以至于”The box is so heavy that I can't move it. 8.引导比较状语从句 as...as 和……一样;than This book is as interesting as that one. 9.引导地点状语从句 where 在哪里;I found my English book where I had left it. 10.引导名词性从句 that, if / whether 是否;I am not sure whether he will go to the party. 一展身手 【2019湖北省孝感市】8. What's the secret of success, Dr.Know? —More time and effort,_____you'll make it someday. A. yet B or C and D but 【2019江苏省苏州市】9. Love your parents_____they are alive. Don' t wait until it is too late. A while B though C because D unless 【2019山西省】10. You can' t decide whether or not you like something until you try it,____it's important to try something new. A but B or C. so 【2019东省临沂市】11. A break between classes is a good time for students to play sports and talk with their classmates. So it_____helps with students' health_____improves their social skills. A either or B neither: nor C. not only: but also (答案见文末) 答案 1. B 【解析】考查序数词用法。句意:在我_____的生日,我从父母那里收到了新书包作为礼物。A.Nine 基数词,九;B. ninth 第九,序数词;C. the ninth 第几个,有冠词 the。表示某人的第若干个生日用序数词,排除 A;因为空格前面有物主代词 my 修饰,不再用冠词,排除 C。 2. B 【解析】句意:我们正在准备庆祝我国 70 岁生日的节目。A.seventy七十,B.seventieth 第七十;C.seventeenth 第十七。表示某人的第几个生日用序数词,这里是说七十岁生日。用 seventieth。 3. B 【解析】句意:一年有 24 个节气。谷雨通常在每年的四月,一年中的第四个月开始。A. Third 第三;B. fourth第四;C.fifth 第五。根据 There are 24 solar terms in a year. Grain Rain often starts in April 可知 April 是一年的第四个月, the fourth_____ month of the year。 4. D 【解析】句意:请把右边第四本书递给我。four四,基数词; fourth 第四,序数词;the four 形式错误; the fourth特指第四个。根据句意和空后bok是单数形式可知,这里表示的是'第四本书”,应用序数词,序数词前必须用定冠词。 5. B 【解析】考查介词短语的用法。with help of sb. 意为“在的帮助下”此处句意为在老师的帮助下比尔取得了巨大的进步。故选 B。 6. A 【解析】考查介词的用法。句意为“她妈妈每天早晨坐公共汽车去上班,'by bus'为固定搭配,意思是“乘坐公共汽车”。 7.A 【解析】考查介词的用法。with 意为“和一起,在某入的帮助下 with the help of st. under 意为“在下面” without 意为“没有”根据句意:琳达不太擅长汉语,但是在同学们的帮助下,她通过了考试。 8. C 【解析】句意:成功的秘决是什么,Know博士?再多花些时间和精力,总有一天你会成功的。考奋固定结构。yet 还;or 否则;and 和,but 但是。 9. A 【解析】考查连词辨析。句意:爱你的父母,趁他们还活着。不要等到为时已晚。while 当的时候,表时间; though 尽管表让步: because 因为,表原因;unless 除非,表条件。 10. C 【解析】句意:你不能决定你是否喜欢一些事情直到你尝试它,所以尝一些新的事情很重要,根据句意可知,空后这句话表示前面那句话导致的结果。 11. C |
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