作文模板
issue第一段?determiningwhethersomethingshouldorshouldnotbedonecouldbeweighedinmanyaspects.differentpeoplehavedifferentanswersduetotheirrespectivepointofview.onbalance,myviewisthatthefinaljudgmentshoulddependonacase-by-caseanalysisofthetwosituations./inmypointofview,iagreewiththespeakeronthegroundsthat…/atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatappealing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethaticannotagreewithitforthefollowingreasons.?第二段?同意?thefirstandforemostreasonwhyisupport/agreewithabovestatementisthat…?thereisalsoafurther每moresubtle每pointtoconsider.?反对?althoughatfirstglancetheseargumentssoundreasonableandappealing,theyarenotborneoutbyacarefulconsideration.?theundeniabledeficiencyinaboveargumentsisthattheyarenegligentofthebarefactthat...?第三段?inconclusion,itmustbeexplainedthatthesethreereasonssometimesintertwinetoformanorganicwhole,thusbecomingmorepersuasivethananyoneofthem.so,anythinkingpersonmustbelievethat…
Argument
一．开头部分?inthisargument,thearguerrecommendsthat…?tosubstantiatetheconclusion/recommendation,thearguerpointsoutthat…?inaddition,thearguerassumesthat/reasonsthat/citestheexampleof/citestheresultofarecentstudythat…??Theauthor’sviewof,basedonseveralunprovenassumptions,isproblematicinseveralcriticalrespects.二．论证驳斥部分?1/Tobeginwith,…
2/Evenassumingthat…(退一步)
3/Anotherflawthatweakenthelogicofthisargueisthat…
4/Finally
firstofall,theargumentisbasedonafalseanalogy./thearguersimplyassumesthat…buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethat…areindeedcomparable./asweknow,…differconspicuously./itistruethatboth…butevenhereexistfundamentaldifferences:…/therefore,eventhough…provedeffectiveindoing…thereisnoguaranteethatitwillworkjustaswellfor…//asaresult,aandbdonotestablishawarrantedanalogy.sowecannotsafelyassumethat(两者无法比)?theauthorunfairlyassumesthatabearssomerelationtob./however,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthatthisisthecase,nordoestheauthorestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenaandb./itishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmightcontributetotheb/change/progress./forexample,…itisalsolikelybjustresultedfrom…/lackingevidencethatlinksatob,itispresumptuoustosuggestthatawasresponsibleforb.（无法建立必然的因果关系）?theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit./oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion./basedonaspecificexampleof…,itislogicallyunsoundedtomakesuggestionforall…/infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall./unlessitcanbeshownthat…isrepresentativeofall…,theconclusionthat…iscompletelyunwarranted.（单个事例不能说明整体问题）?byconcludingthatsbmustdoaormustdob,theauthorcommitsafallacyof“falsedilemma”./theauthorassumesthataandbaretheonlyavailablesolutionstotheproblem./however,itispossiblethatotherfactorsmightalsocontributetotheproblem.forexample,…/ifso,justdoingaandbwouldnotsolvetheproblem.（还有其他原因）?inaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization./evenif…,whichis,ofcourse,anunwarrantedassumption,itdoesnotfollowthat…/itishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtob…/forinstance,…/besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerning…/unless…,whichisunknownfromthisargument,thereisnoguaranteethat…//withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetob,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat…(结论得出过早，考虑不周到)?thearguerassumesthatjustbecauseoneeventfollowsanother,thesecondeventhasbeencausedbythefirst./however,noevidenceisprovidedtosupportthatthisisthecase./themerefactthataoccursbeforebdoesnotnecessarilyestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenaandb./itishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmightalsobringaboutthesesameresults./forinstance,…inaddition,…/withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetob,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat…?therecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnoalternativemeansofdoingsthareavailable./however,thearguerfailstoofferanyevidencetosubstantiatethiscrucialassumption.itishighlypossiblethatmeansotherthanthiswouldbettersolvetheproblem./withoutconsideringandrulingouttheseandotheralternativemeansofdoingsth,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat…?thearguerassumesthecharacteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup./theconclusionthat…isbasedontheassumptionthat…/however,thereisnoguaranteethatthisisthecase,nordoestheauthorprovideanyevidencetosubstantiatethisassumption.itisverylikelythat…/lackingsuchevidencetheauthorcannotdrawanyfirmconclusion.（整体规律不一定适用于个人）?itisassumedwithoutjustificationthatbackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimes/conditions./thearguerunfairlyinferfrom…inthepastthat…/however,he/shefailstoofferanyevidencetosubstantiatethisinference.itisverylikelythat…,orthat…/anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat…（从过去不能推知现在和将来）?finally,thearguerprovidesnoassurancesthatthesurveyonwhichtheargumentdependsisstatisticallyreliable./lackinginformationaboutthenumberof…surveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityoftheresults./forexample,if…weresurveyedbutonly…responded,theconclusionthat…wouldbehighlysuspected./anotherproblemistherepresentativenessoftherespondents.weretheyrepresentativeofallthe…?were…chosenforthesurveychosenrandomlyordidtheyvolunteerforthesurvey?…/lackingsuchevidencetheauthorcannotdrawanyfirmconclusionbasedonthestudy.?三．结尾部分?insummary,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.?tomakeitmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerning…/provideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecausesof…?tobetterevaluatetheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationregarding…?
开头
第一句：
Thisargumentconcludes/recommends/arguesthat…
Inthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthat…
第二层：
Tosupportthisconclusionthewritercites…/pointsoutthat…
第三层：
Theargumentislogicallyunconvincinginseveralrespects.
However,thisevidenceprovideslittlecrediblesupportfortheeditorial''sconclusion.
Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalflawsandisthereforeunconvincing/unpersuasiveasitstands.
However,theauthor''sargumentreliesonaseriesofunsubstantiatedassumptions,andisthereforeunpersuasiveasitstands.
Thepresident''sargumentreliesonseveraldoubtfulassumptionsandisthereforeunpersuasive.
BODY：
各段开头：
Tobeginwith,Firstandforemost,Tobeginwith,Asathresholdmatter,Oneproblemwiththeargumentisthat,
Next,Asidefrom,Theargumentalso,Moreover,Furthermore,Asecondproblemwiththeargumentisthat,Evenif…Finally,AFinalproblemwiththeargumentinvolves…
具体内容：
theeditorialobservesacorrelationbetween…and…,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.
However,theeditorialfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanationsfor…Forexample,…
Anyofthesefactors,orothersocial,politicaloreconomicfactors,mightleadto…
Withoutrulingoutallothersuchfactorsitisunfairtoconcludethat…
Thisevidencewouldsupporttheeditorial''sconclusiononlyif…
Moreover,theeditorialfailstoprovideanyevidencethat…
citestheObserversurveyinwhich…However,theeditorialfailstoprovideanyinformationaboutthesurveypopulation;thereforeitisimpossibletodeterminewhetherthesurveyresultsapplygenerallytotheAltapopulation.
Inaddition,wearenotinformedhowmanyparentsweresurveyedbutdidnotrespond.Thegreaterthisnumber,thelessreliablethesurvey.
Thus,asitstandstheObserverstudyisstatisticallyunreliableandlendsnocrediblesupporttotheeditorial''sconclusion.
incitingthesurveytheeditorialassumesthat…However,theeditorialprovidesnoevidencetolinkonewiththeother.
theargumentassumesunfairlythat…Itisentirelypossiblethat…
Theargumentalsooverlooksmanyotherpossibleexplanationsfor…Forexample,perhapsOrperhapsOrperhapsForthatmatter,perhaps…/Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldunderminetheconclusionthat…/Withoutconsideringandeliminatingtheseandotherpossiblereasonswhy…thepresidentcannotrelyonthefactthat…tobolstertherecommendation.
theletterfailstoadequatelysupporttheclaimthat…
itisfallacioustoconcludethat…
Havingfailedtoaddressthisdistinctpossibility,theletteriswhollyunconvincing.
Infurthersupportoftherecommendation,thelettercitesthefactthat…yet…
Butthisfactalonelendsnosupporttotherecommendation.
Theauthormusteliminatethesepossibilitiesinordertorelyjustifiablyonthisevidenceforhisorherrecommendation.
theauthorunfairlyequates…with…
Theauthorignoresthepossibilitythat…
Thustheauthorcannotconvincinglyconcludethat
Somewaysofconcession:
Evenif…theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…
Evenassuming…theauthorfalselyassumesthat…
evenassumingthat…theauthorfailstoprovideadequateevidencethat…
Evenif…theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…
evenifweacceptthat…theargumentignoresthepossibilitythat…Withoutrulingoutthispossibility,theargument''sproponentcannotjustifiablyconcludethat…
Besides,themerefactthat…provesnothingunlesstheauthorcanshowthat…
Theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…Lackingevidencethatthisisthecase,theauthorcannotconvincemethat…
itassumesthat…appliesequallyto…Yetthismightnotbethecase,for…
Asecondproblemwiththeargumentisthatitunjustifiablyassumesthat…
Wearenotinformed…
Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat…
Theonlyevidencetheauthorprovidestosubstantiatethisassumptionare…
Ifso,thentheauthorcannotjustifiablyrelyonthesereportstoconcludethat…
itunfairlyassumesthat…Itisentirelypossiblethat…Itisalsopossiblethat…
Withoutconsideringsuchpotentialacademicbenefits,theauthorcannotreasonablyconcludethat…
thepresident''sassumptionthat…mightbeunwarranted.
This"either-or"argumentisfallaciousinthatitignoresotherpossiblecausesof…
(Theresult)mighthavebeencausedbyoneormoreotherfactors--suchas…
Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblereasonsforthedecline,thepresident''sargumentseemsill-conceived.
theresultsof(some)surveyarenotnecessarilyrepresentativeoftheoverallpopulationof…
Ifso,thenthepresidenthasoverlookedthepossibilitythat…
Ifso,then(makingsuchdecision)wouldbeill-advisedindeed.
themerefactthat…provideslittleassurancethat…
Withoutrulingoutthesepossibilities,thepresidentcannotjustify…onthebasisof…
theargumentdependsontheassumptionthat…--ratherthan…
Yetlackingevidencetothecontraryitisentirelypossiblethat…
Withoutrulingoutallotherreasonswhy…,theargumentthat…isdubiousatbest.
Evenif…,theargumentreliesonthefurtherassumptionthat…Yettheonlyevidencethearticleofferstosubstantiatethisassumptionisthat…(Perhaps…OrPerhaps…Forthatmatter…)
Inshort,withoutmoreinformationabout…wereestablisheditisimpossibletoassesswhether…
(usedforfalseanalogy)Withoutaccountingforsuchdifferencesanyanalogybetweenthetwocitiesispremature,andanyconclusionbasedonthatanalogyisunjustified.
theauthor''sinferencethatincentiveswhichwereeffectiveinthepastwillalsobeeffectiveinthefuturerestsonthepoorassumptionthatduringthelast18monthsallconditionsuponwhichtheireffectivenessdependhaveremainedunchanged.
thearticlefailstoconsideranyothercourseofactionthatmighthelp…
Inshort,withoutweighingtheproposalagainstalternatives,thearticle''sclaimthattheproposedincentivesarethe"best"meansof…iswhollyunconvincing.
结尾：
结尾的开头：
Inconclusion,Insum,Tosumup.Inthefinalanalysis,
therecommendationoftheauthorisnotwellsupported.
theeditorialis(logically)unconvincingasitstands.
thisisaweakargument.
theletter''sauthorfailstoadequatelysupporttherecommendationthat…
thearticlehasnotconvincedmethat…(theproposal)
结尾的第二层：
Tostrengthenit/theargument/Tobolstertheargument,thearguermustprovidedetaileddemographic/statisticalevidenceshowingthat…/theeditorial''sauthormustruleoutallotherpossiblefactorscontributingto…/theargument''sproponentmustconsiderandeliminateallotherpossibleexplanationsfor…/theauthormustprovideclearevidencethat…/theauthormustfirstestablishaclearcausalrelationshipbetween…/theauthormustdemonstrate/showthat…/Theauthormustalsoshowthat…
Theauthormustalsoprovideevidence--perhapsbywayofareliablesurvey—that…
Aproperevaluationoftherecommendationrequiresmoreinformationabout…
Inordertobetterevaluate/assess/understandtheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationabout…(theObserversurveypopulation,andaboutthepercentageofthosesurveyedwhoresponded.)
Iwouldalsoneedtocompare…with…
Finally,Iwouldneedtoconsider…
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