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1.1. Essential elements in the process of translation? The relevant elements: translator, author, original language, receptor language, source text, target text, (meaning, message, idea, style) 1.2. Definition of translation in terms of the process: 翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构和另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。 德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说： Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。） Definition 1 Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译是从语义到文体两个方面在译入语中用最切近的自然对等语再现原语 Definition 2 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 翻译的定义：翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(Translation is a linguistic practice of employing one language to realize the thoughts expressed in another language exactly and completely.) (张培基) [1] Translation, essentially, is the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written or said in another language. （钟述孔[2]） Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。）(Nida)[3] Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). （翻译是用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。） (Catford)[4] 1.3 The nature of translation 翻译究竟是什么呢? 翻译的本质是什么？ 翻译的过程就好比交通工具的换乘过程，两者之间有诸多相似之处。 交通工具换乘过程：
翻译过程：
Similarities: (1) similar purposes The process is to transmit sth. from one terminal to another.两种转换过程都是为了实现 (2) similar essentials Firstly it is the content: 在交通工具换乘过程中是人员，而在翻译过程中则是信息。 Secondly it is the vehicle: 在交通工具换乘过程中是车辆、船舶、飞机等，转换前是一 (3) similar requirements The contents should remain the same. 两者都要求内容不变。 The process should be smooth.. 两者都要求过程顺畅 2. 1. What can be the translation principles? 1. the source-language-oriented principle: the author is the most important and readers should stretch out to reach the author 2. the target-language-oriented principle: readers of the target language are the most important and the author should change his expressions to make it more acceptable. 3. the author-and-reader-oriented principle: both the reader and the author should be equally respected. 4. the aesthetic-oriented principle: artistic beauty is the most important 5. the function-oriented principle: the translation has to fulfill the new function according to the translation initiator 2. 3. Famous views about translation principles from famous people 严复：信、达、雅 鲁迅：凡是翻译，必须兼顾这两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。 翻译应该“保存异域文化色彩”不能因看不惯兰眼睛、高鼻子而对原作“削鼻剜眼” 傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。Similarity in spirit 钱钟书：不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”（sublimation）“精神姿致依然故我” 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 北大教授许渊冲：诗歌翻译应该追求“音美、形美、意美” Alexander Fraser Tytler: (18th century, English scholar) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and manner of the writing should be of the same character as that of the original; a translation should have all the ease of the original composition. E．U．Nida It is essential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text. 3. Purpose for learning translation Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It makes you able to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that might be useful. It makes you able to read some of the world’s best writers in their won language and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language. Engels who knew a number of foreign language thought that you could know your own language only if you compared it with other language. Translation proves a valuable aid to foreign language learning as well as a deeper understanding of one’s own mother tongue. 4. Classification of translation Translation can be classified into different kinds from different perspectives. Some people divide translation in terms of the languages involved（mother tongue to foreign or vice versa); or in terms of semiotics （语内翻译intralingual translation，语际翻译 interlingual translation和符际翻译intersemiotic translation）, some in terms of mode( interpretation vs translation and machine translation), still others in terms of material to be translated (practical, scientific, news, literary translation etc) or in terms of approaches (absolute, selective, translation with reconstruction etc). 5. prerequisites for a
translator 1） 扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力，能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。 3） 熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧，善于灵活运用各种翻译技巧 4） 熟悉各种工具书。译者的记忆力和知识面终归是有限的，因此遇到问题就应该知道怎样去查找正确的答案，从哪本书中去寻找。 6. the necessary reference books 1）依本声誉较高的英英词典，至少是中型。Oxford, Webster’s, Longman Oxford系列的中型词典有动词句型说明，很好 2）用法词典：搭配词典 英语搭配大辞典 同义词典（英语解释） 动词用法词典Longman Dictionary of Phrasal verb 3) 中型以上汉英词典 4）中型以上汉语词典：汉语词汇需要理解 [1]张培基，福建福州人，孜孜不倦地耕耘译坛50年，其译著和专著在学术界有着广泛的影响。《英汉翻译教程》是由张先生主编的，被许多高校选定为英语专业翻译课教材。 [2]钟述孔，1949年毕业于四川大学英国语文学系。外交部亚洲司工人并兼任外交部高级翻译，北京外国语学院副教授、外交学院兼职教授，联合国“中国译员培训部”兼职教授。目前仍受聘外学院的兼职教授。著作有：《英汉翻译手册》，《实用口译手册》等。 [3] Eugene A. Nida , the developer of thedynamic-equivalenceBible translation theory. In 1943 Nida received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan, and then began his career as a linguist with theAmerican Bible Society (ABS), where he was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, and then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement. [4] 卡特福德（Catford）, 是伦敦学派中比较系统提出翻译理论的学者。伦敦学派是具有英国特色的语言学派，认为语言的意义是由语言使用的社会环境(the social context of situation)所决定的。在翻译研究领域，译文的用词与原文等同与否取决于其是否用于相同的语言环境之中。1965年英国语言学家卡特福德发表了《翻译的语言学理论》(Linguistic Theory of Translation)，提出“描写性翻译”并阐述了翻译的性质、类别、对等、转换和限度等问题（把现代语言学新思维运用于翻译研究）开拓了翻译研究新途径，引起巨大反响。卡特福德的理论受益于弗斯（John Rupert Firth, 1890-1960）的翻译理论和韩礼德(M.A.K. Halliday)的系统语法。 |
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