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学习构词法基础知识是非常有好处的，它可以使我们能够轻松认识更多单词，以一种巧妙的方式扩大词汇量，短期内记住更多的单词，对于考试中一些词形转换的题也非常有帮助。 英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。（文末加小编微信可获取电子打印版） 一. 转化法 在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。 1. 动词转化为名词 Let me have a try. 让我试试。 They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school. 在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。 2. 名词转化为动词 He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。 The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water. 从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。 3. 形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。 4. 形容词转化为名词 He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 5. 形容词转化为副词 How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了？ 6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。 Life is full of ups and downs. 人生有得意时也有失意时。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。 二. 合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。 1. 合成名词 名词/代词 名词 newspaper， blood-test验血，she-wolf母狼 动词 名词 typewriter pickpocket扒手 daybreak破晓 形容词 名词 greenhouse highway公路 副词 名词 overcoat outside 名词 v.-ing/v.-ing 名词 handwriting reading-room freezing-point 动词 副词/ 副词 动词 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome 名词 介词 名词 sister-in-law editor-in-chief 2. 合成形容词 名词 形容词/形容词 名词 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term 副词 形容词 over-anxious evergreen 名词 过去分词 man-made sun-burnt 名词 现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking 形容词 现在分词 good-looking easy-going 副词 过去分词 well-informed widespread 副词 现在分词 hardworking far-reaching 形容词 名词 ed warm-hearted absent-minded 数词 名词 ed three-legged ten-storied 数词 名词 one-way five–star 数词 名词 形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long 名词 to 名词 face-to-face door-to-door 3. 合成动词 名词 动词 baby-sit sleepwalk 副词 动词 outnumber underestimate overwork 形容词 动词 whitewash 4. 合成副词 形容词＋名词 meanwhile anyway 形容词＋副词 everywhere anyhow 副词＋副词 however 介词＋名词 beforehand overhead 介词＋副词 forever 5. 合成代词 代词宾格＋self/selves herself themselves 物主代词＋self/selves myself yourselves 形容词＋名词 anything nothing 6. 合成介词 副词＋名词 inside outside 介词＋副词 without within 副词＋介词 into 三. 派生法 由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。 1. 前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。 （1）表示否定意义的前缀 un- unhappy unfinished undress dis- disagree disbelieve in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular mis- misbehave mislead mistake non- nonstop nonsmoker （2）表示其他意义的前缀 en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage inter- “相互” international intercontinental re- “再，又，重” rethink retell recycle tele- “远程的” telescope telephone telegraph auto- “自动的” automatic automobile co- “共同” coworker cooperate coexist anti- “反对，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear multi- “多” multistory multicultural multicolor bi- “双，二” bicycle bilingual bilateral micro- “极小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer over- “太多，过分” overwork overdo overestimate self- “自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate 2. 后缀 （1）形容词后缀 -able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable -al “与……有关的” physical, magical, political -an “属于某地方的人” American African -ern “方向” southern, northern, eastern -ful/ less “（没）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless -ish “如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish -ive “有……倾向的” active attractive expensive -en “由……制成的” golden wooden woolen -ous “有（性质）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous -ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily -y “构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy （2）名词后缀 -er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container -ese “某国（人）的” Chinese, Japanese -ian “某国、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician -ist “某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist -ess “表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess -ment “行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement -ness “性质，状态” illness, sadness, carelessness -tion “动作，过程，结果” invention, organization, translation -ance/ ence “抽象；行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence -th “性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth -ful “（满的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful -(a)bility “抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability -al “过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval -y “性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty -dom “处于……状态；性质” freedom, boredom -age “状态，行为，身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage （3）动词后缀 -fy / ify “使得；变得” simplify, beautify, purify -en “使成为；变得” shorten, deepen, sadden -ize “使成为” apologize, realize, specialize （4）副词后缀 -ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily -ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards （5）数词后缀 -teen “十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen -ty “整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty -th “序数词” twelfth, twentieth END （来源：高中英语） |
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来自： shelly0214 > 《英语教学》
