【猪译馆】 后备母猪管理指南 ( 二）

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前言 Foreword

丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，每期转载一篇当时丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《后备母猪管理指南》，敬请关注。

编者的话 Editor's Note

丹育后备母猪的精准培育是丹育猪高产、稳产的前提。顺便推荐给学习专业英语的爱好者，这是不可多得的学习资料。这也是一份做猪场操作标准流程SOP的很好的资料。

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2. 后备母猪的饲料结构

FEED STRUCTURE FOR GILTS

自制饲料时常会使用到布康筛。

The Bygholm sieve is used frequently by homemixers.

为确保日粮的纤维结构，可直接加入10-20%的谷物压片或使用膨化饲料。

By mixtures the structure is secured with 10-20 % grained barley around the pill or by use of expandedfeed.

后备母猪约从60kg开始，其饲料结构对于确保胃的健康就很重要了。良好的饲料结构可防止胃溃疡，从而能保证泌乳期间有较高的采食量。

The structure of the feed for gilts from approx.60kg is important to ensure their stomach health. The structure ensures that the gilts do not develop ulcers and subsequently may have a high feed intake as a lactating sow.

后备母猪最佳的胃肠道健康需要

An Optimal Gastrointestinal Health Of Gilts Requires

从60kg开始的后备母猪日粮结构要和母猪饲料一样。

The gilts are fed with feed that meets same requirements to structure as sow feed from the weight of 60 kg.

自制饲料要持续检测饲料中谷物原料的粉碎情况。

Home mixers continuously monitor the grinding of the grain component in the feed.

为确保购买日粮的结构，可直接加入10-20%的谷物压片或购买膨化饲料。

Purchasers of feed mixtures ensure structure to the feed,eitherbyadding10-20%rolledgrainaroundthe pellet or buying of expanded feed.

通过评估采食量、粪便颜色和质地，及对苍白母猪进行延伸健康检查（胃部），从而对群体的胃 肠道健康进行评价。

Prepare an ongoing evaluation of the gastrointestinal health in the herd with the assessment of feed intake, manure color and texture and by looking for pale sows and make diagnosis with USK (expanded health control) stomachs.

后备母猪在生长过程中没有发生过溃疡，但之后可能发生，甚至再次发生。

The gilt in its upbringing has been free of ulcers, as it will otherwise be predisposed to get ulcers again.

后备母猪胃健康不良的症状

Symptoms Of Poor Stomach Health In Gilts

1、后备母猪生长不均匀，可能会在采食时呕吐。

Uneven growth of gilts maybe with vomit by feeding.

2、后备母猪突然死亡。

Sudden death in gilts.

3、苍白和毛竖立的后备母猪。

Pale and hair spiky gilts.

4、有溃疡的后备母猪排出黑色块状的粪便。

Black and lumpy feces from gilts with ulcers.

补充信息

Additional Comments

    体重不到60-70kg的后备母猪，可以饲喂与保育猪和生长猪一样粉碎较细的饲料。超过60-70kg，要确保后备母猪胃部不出现溃疡，因此，要与经产母猪对饲料结构的要求一致。

Until the gilts are 60-70 kg the gilts can be fed with finer grinded feed equivalent to the requirements for weaners and finishers. After 60-70 kg it is crucial to ensure gilts against stomach changes and at worst ulcers. Therefore, feed should meet the same requirements for structures required for sow mixes.

农场自制饲料时，饲料的粉碎粒度用布康筛测定。

As a home mixer the feeds grinding is controlled continuously by using the Bygholm sieve.

每4个星期都要用布康筛测定一次。最好是在加入脂肪、矿物质和豆粕之前，测定不同谷物（大麦/小麦/燕麦）的粉碎粒度。

There must be a control sieve every 4 week. The sieving is carried out on grinded grains (barley/wheat/oars) before addition of fat, minerals and soybean meal.

所有谷物粉碎粒度概况如下：

The recommended sieve profile of the whole grain component is as follows:

当用布康筛测定时，要保证摇晃样品5分钟，如果时间太短，结果会比实际的粒度粗。

When using the Bygholm sieve, it is important that the sample is shaken for 5 minutes, a shorter time, the sample appear rougher grounded than it actually is.

用全价配合饲料时，以下措施可确保后备母猪日粮的饲料结构。

Using mixtures, there are several options to ensure good feeding structure for gilts.

颗粒料中加入谷物：热处理和制粒后的颗粒料中加入10-20%的谷物压片（主要是大麦片）来确保胃的健康。理论上来说，在较长的饲料输送链中，有分层的风险，但在实际中很少会发生问题。

Grain around the pellet: Add 10 to 20 % rolled grain (typically barley) around the heat treated and pelleting to ensure good stomach health. There is a theoretical risk of segregation in long feed strings, but in practice there is seen very few problems with this.

膨化料：一些公司提供膨化料，是用通过膨化机进行热处理的饲料替代颗粒料，类似于典型的早餐中加入酸奶中的膨化食品。这有助于提高采食量和胃的健康，但其效果依赖于饲料公司的谷物粉碎粒度。注意膨化饲料的密度比颗粒料高，因此饲料塔的容量可减小。

Expanding: Several companies offer expanding which is heat-treated feed that instead of pelleting is passed through an expander. The structure resembles typical yogurt sprinkles. This provides a high feed intake and good stomach health, but the effect is very dependent on the grinding used on the grain from the feed companies side. Note that the feed density is higher than with pelleted feed and silo capacity is thus reduced.

可通过以下几个方面，持续对胃肠道健康进行评估：

Continuous evaluation of the gastrointestinal health occurs in several areas:

采食量：后备母猪采食量的显著下降和可能出现的呕吐现象，表明了胃肠道的变化。

Feed intake: Gilts with significantly reduced feed intake and possibly vomiting indicate gastrointestinal changes.

粪便的颜色和质地：凝固的血液使粪便颜色变黑。因此，有出血性溃疡的后备母猪会排出黑色的粪便且常常结块。

Manure color and texture: Clotted blood colors the feces black. Therefore, gilts with bleeding ulcers have black feces, which often lump.

苍白和毛竖立的后备母猪：由于内部出血，苍白的后备母猪表明后备母猪有溃疡。如果有很多苍白母猪，需要彻底检查。

Pale and spiky hair gilts: Due to internal bleeding, pale gilts could indicate gilt with ulcers. If there are many pale gilts, this should be explored.

对许多急性死亡的猪进行解剖。这项工作要猪场兽医协作。

Autopsy of dead pigs by many acute deaths. This must be done in consultation with the herd veterinarian.

实验室通过延伸健康检查（胃）来诊断：这种延伸健康检查可以评估群体目前的胃健康状况。实践中，延伸健康检查（胃）是通过解剖和对屠宰场屠宰的后备母猪的胃的评估来进行。一般需要观察15-30头后备母猪。猪场兽医会给出更多如何进行该项检查的建议。

Laboratory diagnosis in the form of USK stomach: This expanded health check may give an estimate of the current stomach health in the herd. In practice the USK stomach check is performed by an autopsy and evaluation of stomachs from the slaughtered gilts. Assemble a team of 15 to 30 gilts. The herd veterinarian can advise further on how USK stomach is implemented.

饲料较粗的粉碎粒度可影响胃肠道健康，并减少胃变化的频率，同时也使饲料转化率减少10%，但这可视为对一头好母猪的投资。饲料中纤维的含量和秸秆的分配也对胃健康有积极的影响。目前的研究表明，100kg日粮中必须含240g膳食纤维，这可使后备母猪胃肠道更健康。

The feed grinding affects the gastrointestinal health and thus also the frequency of gastric changes. A coarser grinding reduces the feed efficiency by up to 10 %, but this seems like an investment into a healthy sow. The feeds fiber content and the allocation of straw also haves a positive effect on the stomach health. Current studies show that the diet must.contain 240 grams of dietary fiber per 100 kg, to give the gilts a satisfying gastrointestinal health.

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