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前言 Foreword 丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载当时丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《妊娠管理指南》，敬请关注。编者的话 Editor's Note 对妊娠母猪的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。顺便推荐给学习专业英语的爱好者，这是不可多得的学习资料。这也是一份做猪场操作标准流程SOP的很好的资料后 备 母 猪 初 次 发 情 的 观 察 和 登 记 HEAT OBSERVATION AND REGISTRATION OF FIRST HEAT IN GILTS
最佳发情观察 Optimal Heat Observation Gilts normally get their first heat in 6-7 months of age.From the gilts are 6 months old, they can be introduced to the boar daily.发情鉴定通过发情鉴定的“5个要点”进行，一天一次。Heat control is performed after the 5-point plan once a day.The gilts are marked when the first heat is observed.母猪初次发情后，会形成18-24天的稳定发情周期。Gilts that have had their first heat will be cyclic with an 18-24 day interval.未能与群体其它母猪一起发情的后备母猪，需要接受新的发情刺激。Gilts that are not coming to heat with the rest of the group are exposed to new stimuli.记录能呈现猪群的总概况，从而发现需要特别观察的后备母猪。Notes provide an overview of which gilts that should be observed especially.
Cramped conditions make it difficult to observe and record heat.Lack of Heat in Gilts May Be Due to发情时受到负面应激而被抑制，如圈舍太拥挤、等级竞争或争夺饲料。The heat is suppressed due to negative stress eg lack of space, rank matches or fight over feed.Poor body condition and failure to thrive.Ammonia smell in the unit inhibits the gilts smell.The gilt shows weak heat signs and the heat is not detected by the staff because the heat control is inadequate. 以下原因可造成后备母猪的发情鉴定困难 Heat Control In Gilts Can Be Difficult If The gilts are in different places in the housing system.The gilts go in large incalculable groups.除了年龄以外，初次发情的时间取决于品种、体况、与公猪的接触和后备母猪周围环境的变化。Besides age the time of first heat depends of race, body condition, boar contact and changes in the gilts surroundings.与公猪的接触需要后备母猪和公猪在同一栏位内。为了达到与公猪接触的最佳效果，建议一天两次，每次持续10-15分钟。Boar contact should be done by gilts and boar being in the same pen. For optimal eect of boar contact it is recommended twice a day of 10-15 minutes duration.The boar must be sexually mature, preferably over 10months old.发情鉴定的实施首先要从外部可见的发情迹象来观察，像阴唇红肿，好奇心增加，也可能会爬跨其它母猪。Heat control is performed by first and foremost to look after the visible exterior heat signs which are swollen and red labia, increased curiosity from the gilt and possible mount on other animals.并非所有母猪都有明显的发情迹象（后备母猪年龄越大，发情迹象越不明显），所以授精人员进行积极的发情鉴定是很重要的。当授精人员进行发情鉴定时，要通过模仿公猪与后备母猪接触时的刺激要点。Not all animals show visible heat signs (the older the gilts get, the weaker the heat signs are) so it is important that the inseminator performs an active heat control. When the inseminator performs heat control it is done by imitating the boars touch of the gilts stimulation points.后备母猪必须出现静立反射才能确认为初次发情。静立反射可通过授精人员执行发情鉴定的“5 个要点”或使用公猪来完成。The gilt must show standing heat to detect the first heat. The standing heat is triggered either via the 5 point plan executed by the inseminator or by using the boar.总的来说，在发情期间，为了使后备母猪出现静立反射，通常要做很多工作。First and last during the heat, you usually work more with the gilt to get it to show standing heat.当观察到后备母猪的初次发情时，对其进行标记是很重要的。用3种不同的颜色，并且每个星期换一种颜色，这有助于观察每周需要关注的后备母猪。当观察到初次发情时，也可以选择给后备母猪一个母猪编号。给后备母猪做标记是为了便于进行短期优饲（短期优饲必须在预期配种前7-14天进行）。It is a great advantage to mark the gilt when the first heat is observed. Use 3 different colors and change the color of each week. It helps to visualize the gilts you should be focusing on each week. You can also choose to give the gilt a sow number when first heat is observed. Marking of gilts is a tool to find out when to flush them. (Flushing must be done 7-14 days before expected mating).在一块板或卡片上，记录后备母猪编号和周编号，这样即使母猪身上的颜色标记消失，也可根据记录来判断。Write down the gilt number and week number on a board or card, so you have something to relate to if the color marks disappear.在第二次发情时配种或更迟配种，与第一次发情就配种相比，可提高窝产仔数。Mating of the gilt in the second heat or later increases the litter size in relation to mating in the first heat.当后备母猪的发情有规律后，发情时间是固定的，其发情间隔是18-24天。When the gilts are cyclical, the time of heat cannot be moved. Cyclic gilts come into heat within an interval of 18-24 days.如果试图通过给后备母猪注射激素来诱情，会有形成囊肿的风险，且发情时间也不会变。If you try to provoke a heat by injecting the gilt with hormones, you risk the formation of cysts and it does not move the time of heat.Use of hormones for gilts is not recommended.未能和圈舍内其它后备母猪一起发情或超过7.5月龄还没发情的后备母猪，需要进行新的刺激，如和其它母猪混群，转圈，与不同的公猪接触。Gilts that do not come into heat together with the other pen mates or later than 7.5 months is exposed to new stimuli/ positive stress. It can be done by mixing with other animals, moving between the units and/or boar contact with difffferent boars.超过10-11月龄且处于舒适圈舍中，而还没有出现明显发情的后备母猪要淘汰。总会有一些母猪不发情。如果不发情的比例超过5%，需要更仔细地优化饲养条件。Gilts that have had optimal conditions in the mating unit, but have not shown a clear heat latest at 10-11 months of age are culled. There will always be a certain number of animals that never comes into heat. If this number exceeds 5 % you should explore the conditions more.
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