XXXXXX学院教案
2013—2014学年度第一学期
授课课程：英语写作
授课教师：XXXX
授课班级：交流生项目英语强化班
授课章节名称?Chapter?1???Using?proper?words??
教学目的与要求?Grasp?correct?usage?of?words??
教学重点?Diction??
教学难点?The?ways?of?distinguishing?the?levels?of?words?
思考题与作业?Task?1-2?
教学内容、设计与时间安排：
I.?Teaching?method:????Discussion?and?interaction?
II.?Teaching?procedures?
Step?1.?Revision?and?lead-in???1.?Tell?the?function?of?the?words??2.?Discuss?the?synonyms?and?antonyms?
Step?2.?Presentation:??
Ⅰ.?Types?of?words??
The?words?that?are?often?used?may?be?divided,?from?a?stylistic?point?of?view,?into?three?types:?formal,?common,?and?colloquial??Formal?words?may?also?be?called?learned?words,?or?literary?words,?or?bigwords.?They?mainly?appear?in?formal?writing,?such?as?scholarly?or?theoretical?works,?political?and?legal?documents,?and?formal?lectures?and?addresses.?Many?such?words?contain?three?or?more?than?three?syllables;?most?of?them?are?of?Greek?or?Latin?origin.?They?are?seldom?used?in?daily?conversation,?except?for?special?purposes.??
Ⅱ.?Choice?of?words??
The?meaning?of?a?word?has?two?aspects:?denotative?and?connotative.?A?word’s?denotation?is?what?it?literally?means,?as?defined?by?the?dictionary;?its?connotation?is?the?feeling?or?idea?suggested?by?it.?For?instance,?country,?nation,?state?and?land?have?more?or?less?the?same?denotation?and?may?all?be?translated?into?guojia?in?Chinese,?but?their?connotations?are?quite?different.?Country?refers?to?an?area?of?land?and?its?population?and?government,?nation?emphasizes?the?people?of?a?country,?state?refers?to?the?government?or?political?organization?of?a?country,?and?land?is?less?precise?but?more?literary?and?emotive?than?country.??As?compared?here,?these?four?words?may?be?said?to?be?synonyms.?English?is?particularly?rich?in?synonyms?as?a?result?of?incorporating?words?from?other?languages?over?the?centuries.?But?we?should?remember?that?it?is?difficult?to?find?two?words?that?are?exactly?the?same?in?meaning?and?use.?They?may?be?different?in?stylistic?level,?in?the?degree?of?emphasis,?in?emotional?coloring,?in?tone,?and?in?collocation.?Small?and?little?are?often?interchangeable,?but?there?is?some?difference?in?emotional?coloring?between?them.?Small?is?objective,?while?little?may?imply?a?feeling?of?fondness.?Modest?and?humble?both?indicate?a?lack?of?pride,?but?modesty?is?a?virtue?and?humbleness?is?not.?Humble?often?connotes?undue?self-depreciation.?So?they?are?different?in?tone:?one?is?laudatory?and?the?other?is?derogatory.??Some?synonyms?have?different?collocations:?they?are?habitually?used?with?certain?words.?Large,?not?big,?for?instance,?is?used?to?modify?nouns?like?amount,?number?and?quantity?(a?large?amount?of?money,?a?large?number?of?people,?a?large?quantity?of?beer,?etc.).?Similarly,?with?nouns?denoting?personal?qualities,?such?as?courage,?confidence,?ability,?and?wisdom,?not?big?or?large,?but?great,?is?commonly?used.??
Ⅲ.General?and?specific?words?and?synonyms?
Comparatively?speaking,?some?words?are?more?general?or?more?specific?in?meaning?than?others.?Professionals,?for?instance,?is?more?general?than?scientists,?doctors,?teachers,?lawyers,?journalists,?etc.?all?of?which?are?more?specific.?But?scientists?may?be?called?a?general?word?when?compared?with?physicists?or?chemists,?which,?in?turn,?is?more?general?than?biochemists.??It?is?easy?to?see?that?the?specific?words?on?the?right?are?much?more?concrete?and?colorful?than?the?general?ones?on?the?left;?they?seem?to?make?the?reader?see,?hear,?or?feel?what?the?writer?wishes?to?describe.??Using?specific?words?should?go?along?with?providing?details,?and?then?there?will?be?effective?and?impressive?writing.?Study?the?following?examples.?
Ⅳ.?Idioms?and?some?phrases?
An?idiom?is?a?fixed?group?of?words?with?a?special?meaning?which?is?different?from?the?meanings?of?the?words?that?form?it.?To?read?a?book‖,?for?instance,?is?not?an?idiom,?for?the?meaning?of?the?phrase?is?the?meanings?of?the?three?words?put?together,?and?―a?book‖?can?be?replaced?by?other?words?like?―a?newspaper‖?or?―a?novel‖.?To?―read?between?the?lines‖?is?different.?The?four?words?that?form?the?phrase?give?no?hint?as?to?what?it?means?and?none?of?the?words?can?be?changed?to?form?another?understandable?phrase.??Idioms?are?frequently?used?in?speech?and?writing.?They?help?to?make?one’s?language?sound?natural?and?idiomatic.?But?in?using?them?foreign?learners?of?English?should?remember?the?following?two?points:?(1)?most?idioms?are?informal?or?colloquial?in?style?and?can?be?used?in?conversation;?but?a?few?are?slang?and?should?be?used?with?care,?such?as?all?balled?up,?meaning?troubled?or?confused,?and?to?cough?up,?meaning?to?produce?something;?(2)?many?idioms?have?become?clichés?and?are?no?longer?fresh?or?interesting,?such?as?armed?to?the?teeth?and?as?good?as?gold,?and?should?be?used?sparingly.?Step?3.?Practice:??List?some?idioms,?such?as:?Practice?makes?perfect.?When?in?Rome,?do?as?the?Romans?do.??All?roads?lead?to?Rome.??
Step?4.?Summary:?
1.?Make?a?brief?summary?of?the?word?usage?
2.?Summarize?the?synonyms??
Step?5.?Assignment:??
Chapter?1??Finish?doing?the?task?1,2?,3?on?p2-14???
Chapter?2Makingcorrectandeffective?sentences??
教学目的与要求?Grasp?the?coordinative?and?subordinate?sentences?
教学重点?The?ways?of?making?complex?sentences?in?writing?
教学难点?The?ways?of?making?complex?sentences?in?writing?
思考题与作业?Task?1-13?教学内容、设计与时间安排：??
I.?Teaching?method:????
Discussion?and?interaction?
II.?Teaching?procedures?
Step?1.?Revision?and?lead-in???
1.?Review?the?ways?of?complex?sentence?making?
2.?Discuss?the?functions?of?coordination?and?subordination?
Step?2.?Presentation:??
I.?coordination?and?subordination?
1.?Some?sentences?follow?climactic?order,?the?last?word?being?the?most?important,?and?because?many?words?are?piled?up?before?the?key?word,?the?sense?of?climax?is?made?very?strong.?Most?of?the?sentences?are?compound?and?compound-complex,?and?all?of?them,?except?the?second?half?of?the?last?sentence,?are?loose?in?structure.?There?is?no?suspense?or?climax;?the?tone?is?easy,?relaxed?and?informal.?The?writer?uses?these?loose?sentences?because?he?is?enumerating?facts?or?ideas?of?equal?importance,?and?also?because?he?aims?at?a?natural?and?orderly?presentation.??Loose?sentences?are?easier,?simpler,?more?natural?and?direct;?periodic?sentences?are?more?complex,?emphatic,?formal,?or?literary.??When?a?sentence?contains?two?or?more?chapters?of?the?same?form?and?grammatical?function,?it?is?one?with?parallel?constructions:?Such?parallel?sentences?are?emphatic?and?forceful.?When?a?sentence?contains?two?parallel?clauses?similar?in?structure?but?contrasted?in?meaning,?it?is?a?balanced?sentence.??Balanced?sentences?are?impressive?because?of?the?contrast,?and?pleasing?to?hear?because?of?the?rhythm.?They?are?mainly?used?in?formal?writing,?like?expository?and?argumentative?prose,?and?speeches.?
2.Figures?of?speech??
There?are?various?ways?of?using?words?figuratively.?They?are?called?figures?of?speech.?Among?the?most?common?of?them?are:?1.?Simile?it?is?a?comparison?between?two?distinctly?different?things?and?the?comparison?is?indicated?by?the?word?as?or?like:?2.?Metaphor?it?is?the?use?of?a?word?which?originally?denotes?one?thing?to?refer?to?another?with?a?similar?quality.?It?is?also?a?comparison,?but?the?comparison?is?implied,?not?expressed?with?the?word?as?or?like.?If?Robert?burns?had?written?―0?my?loves?a?red,?re?rose‖?with?the?word?like?omitted,?he?would?have?used?a?metaphor?instead?of?a?simile.?In?the?changed?line,?my?love‖?is?also?compared?to?a?red?rose,?but?there?is?no?word?to?indicate?the?comparison;?hence?rose?is?a?metaphor.??
Step?3.?Practice:??Make?some?coordinative?and?subordinate?sentences?according?to?the?knowledge?mentioned?above.??
Step?4.?Summary:?1.?Make?a?brief?summary?of?the?ways?of?making?oordinative?and?subordinate?sentences?2.?Summarize?the?contents?of?this?subject????
Step?5.?Class?writing?Exercise:???Solar?Energy???Reference?answer:???The?energy?crisis?the?world?is?now?experiencing?has?forced?scientists?to?investigate?new?sources?of?energy.?It?is?clear?that?the?fossil?fuel?era?is?gradually?coming?to?an?end.?Oil?and?natural?gas?will?be?depleted?first,?followed?eventually?by?coal.?The?need?for?developing?energy?alternatives?is?thus?evident.?????Solar?power?is?receiving?wide?attention?as?one?of?the?possible?best?sources?of?energy.?It?has?mainly?two?factors?in?its?favor.?Firstly,?unlike?fossil?fuels,?it?is?an?environmentally?clean?source?of?energy.?Secondly,?it?is?an?abundant?and?inexhaustible?source?of?energy.??However,?solar?power?has?its?disadvantages.?One?of?them?is?that?large?collecting?areas?are?required.?The?second?disadvantage?is?that?this?system?would?not?work?in?a?cloudy?area?as?well?as?at?night.?However,?in?sunny?area,?solar?power?could?help?solve?the?energy?crisis.???
Step?6.?Assignment:??Chapter?2?Task1,2???P28-34??????????????????
授课章节名称?chapter?3??Developingparagraphs?
教学目的与要求?Grasp?the?skills?of?developingparaphs
教学重点?The?ways?of?skillfully?using?emphatic?sentences??
教学难点?Grasp?the?skills?of?wring?effective?sentences?
思考题与作业?Task?13-20?
教案内容：?
I.?Teaching?method:????Discussion?and?interaction
?II.?Teaching?procedures?
Step?1.?Revision?and?lead-in???
1.?Review?the?functions?of?coordination?and?subordination?
2.?Discuss?the?skills?of?wring?effective?sentences??
Step?2.?Presentation:???Effective?Sentences??1.?Unity??Unity?is?the?first?quality?of?an?effective?sentence.?A?unified?sentence?expresses?a?single?complete?thought.?It?does?not?contain?ideas?that?are?not?closely?related,?nor?does?it?express?a?thought?that?is?not?complete?by?itself.??2.Coherence??Coherence?means?clear?and?reasonable?connection?between?chapters,?a?sentence?is?coherent?when?its?words?or?chapters?are?properly?connected?and?their?relationships?unmistakably?clear.?It?is?not?coherent?if?it?has?faulty?parallel?constructions,?pronouns?with?ambiguous?reference,?dangling?or?misplaced?modifiers,?confusing?shifts?in?person?and?number,?or?in?voice,?tense,?and?mood.?Parallel?ideas?had?better?be?expressed?in?parallel?constructions,?which?give?emphasis,?clarity?and?coherence?to?a?sentence.?―what?he?says‖?and?―his?deeds‖?are?not?parallel?in?form,?so?one?of?them?has?to?be?changed.?The?second?sentence?is?faulty?for?the?same?reason?and?can?be?improved?in?the?same?way.?In?the?third,?―faith‖?and?―hope‖?are?parallel,?but?they?should?be?followed?by?different?prepositions.??The?three?sentences?are?labeled?―faulty‖?because?of?the?unclear?or?wrong?connection?between?certain?chapters.?In?the?first?sentence?―about?sportsmen‖?seems?to?modify?―magazine,‖?but?it?should?modify?―story.‖?In?the?second?the?which-clause?is?related?to?―bag‖?but?apparently?it?is?meant?to?modify?―books.‖?In?the?third?―at?first‖?may?modify?―mentioned‖?and?may?also?modify?―sounded‖?–an?ambiguity?that?should?be?cleared?up.?All?the?faults?are?caused?by?misplaced?modifiers.??The?faulty?sentences?are?not?coherent?because?of?a?confusing?change?in?person,?in?number,?in?mood,?and?in?voice?respectively.?A?sentence?should?be?consistent?in?these?respects.??Unnecessary?shifts?should?be?avoided.?3.?Conciseness
?Chapter?7?writing?for?practical?purpose?letters??
教学目的与要求?Grasp?the?skills?of?writing?personal?and?business?letters?
教学重点?The?ways?of?writing?business?letters??
教学难点?The?ways?of?writing?business?letters??
思考题与作业?Task?19-26?教学内容、设计与时间安排：?教案内容：?
?I.?Teaching?method:????Discussion?and?interaction?
II.?Teaching?procedures?
Step?1.?Revision?and?lead-in???1.?Review?the?skills?of?notices?and?note?writing??
2.?Discuss?the?skills?of?writing?personal?and?business?letters?
Step?2.?Presentation:??
I.??Letters?????
?Letters?are?important?means?of?communication.?Generally?speaking,?there?are?two?types?of?letters,?business?letters?and?personal?letters.?…?1.?Form???A?letter?has?six?chapters:?the?heading,?the?inside?address,?the?salutation,?the?body,?the?complimentary?close,?and?the?signature.??(1)?The?heading??The?heading?gives?the?full?address?of?the?writer?and?the?date?of?the?letter.?…?(2)?The?inside?address??The?inside?address,?which?is?often?omitted?in?personal?letters,?gives?the?name?and?full?address?of?the?addressee.??(3)?The?salutation??The?salutation?is?a?greeting?to?the?addressee.?It?is?written?flush?with?the?left?margin?two?spaces?below?the?inside?address.???(4)?The?body??In?the?body?of?the?letter,?all?paragraphs?should?begin?flush?with?the?left?margin?(the?block?style)?or?begin?with?an?equal?indention?(the?indented?style),?and?the?letter?is?usually?single-spaced?within?the?paragraph?and?doubled-spaced?between?paragraphs.?(5)?The?complimentary?close??The?closing?of?a?business?letter?consists?of?three?chapters:?complimentary?close,?signature,?and?the?typed?name.?In?the?complimentary?close,?only?the?first?word?is?capitalized.?…?
2.?Language???
?The?style?and?tone?of?letters?can?be?greatly?varied.?General?speaking,?the?style?and?tone?of?a?personal?letter?differ?from?those?of?a?business?letter-the?former?is?casual,?whereas?the?latter?is?formal.?…??(1)?Business?letters??1)?Invitation?2)?Application?for?entry?to?a?college?4)?Applications?for?visas???(2)?Personal?letters??II..?Curriculum?Vitae??????A?curriculum?vitae(c.?v.)?or?resume?is?a?short?written?account?of?the?main?events?of?one’s?life.?It?is?often?required?when?one?applies?for?a?job.?…?1.?Name;?Unlike?most?Westerners.?We?Chinese?put?our?family?name?at?the?beginning?as?surname,?whereas?they?put?it?at?the?end?as?last?name.?…?2.?Address:?If?you?like,?you?may?write?both?your?business?or?temporary?address?and?your?home?address?for?example:?…?3.?Telephone:?(0)?or(W)?is?put?after?your?office?telephone?number?and?(H),?your?home?telephone?number.??4.?Marital?status:?Put?single?or?married(,?no/two?children).?5.?Education:?schools?should?be?listed?either?in?chronological?order?(usually?starting?from?the?year?when?you?entered?college?or?when?you?got?your?first?degree)?or?from?the?most?recent?backwards?with?the?dates?of?attendance.?…?6.?Professions/work?Experience:?Under?this?heading,?in?addition?to?the?date,?write?also?your?position/title?and?the?name?of?the?institution.?For?example:?…?7.?Awards/Honors?and?scholarships:?these?include?scholarships,?fellowships,?grants,?etc:?8.?Publications:?Books?and?articles?follow?the?format?of?the?bibliography?card?in?chapter?Eight?The?Research?Paper,?with?the?name?of?the?author?omitted.?…?9.?Professional?Affiliations/Memberships:?Examples?under?this?heading?are:?10.?Languages:?You?may?write?the?following?under?this?heading:?11.?References/Referees:?They?are?people?who?know?you?and?can?offer?information?or?recommendation.?The?normal?number?of?references?is?two?or?three,?and?it?is?imperative?that?you?obtain?their?permission?before?using?their?names.?In?addition?to?names?of?your?references,?provide?also?their?positions,?full?addresses?and?telephone?numbers.??
Step?3.?Practice:??
Discuss?the?method?of?writing?a?business?letter?with?the?method?mentioned?above.
?Step?4.?Summary:?
1.Make?a?brief?summary?of?the?ways?of?letter?writing????
2.Summarize?the?contents?of?this?subject?Writing?exercise:?Write?a?personal?letter?to?your?friend?(about?200?words)
?Step?5.?Assignment:??Chapter?7??Task11-20?p202-216??????
授课章节名称?Chapter?8?Preparing?research?papers??Steps?and?formats?
教学目的与要求?Grasp?the?methods?of?writing?the?research?paper?
教学重点?The?format?of?research?paper?
教学难点?The?format?of?research?paper?
思考题与作业?Task?1-7?
教学内容、设计与时间安排、教案内容：?
I.?Teaching?method:????Discussion?and?interaction?
II.?Teaching?procedures?
Step?1.?Revision?and?lead-in???
1.?Review?the?skills?of?writing?personal?and?business?letters??
2.?Discuss?the?methods?of?writing?the?research?paper
Step?2.?Presentation:??
I.?Definition?and?Purpose??????
Having?learned?how?to?write?essays,?we?are?now?working?at?the?highest?and?the?most?difficult?stage?of?writing—thesis?writing?or?writing?of?a?research?paper.?…??????In?the?process?of?preparing?a?research?paper,?we?may?at?least?achieve?the?following:?1)?we?may?learn?how?to?use?libraries,?how?to?read?books?critically?and?efficiently,?and?how?to?use?them?wisely?and?correctly.????2)??we?may?familiarize?ourselves?with?the?knowledge?and?mechanics?necessary?for?writing?a?research?paper.?
II.?Steps??????
We?go?through?five?steps?or?stages?in?the?process?of?preparing?a?research?paper:?1)?choosing?a?topic;?2)?collecting?information;?3)?analyzing?the?information,?organizing?ideas,?and?working?out?an?outline;?????
1.?Choosing?a?Topic??The?selection?of?a?topic?is?the?first?important?step?in?preparing?a?research?paper.?An?inappropriate?decision?about?a?research?topic?may?lead?to?the?failure?of?the?whole?project,?or?at?least?a?waste?of?time?and?energy.?…?1)?Selecting?a?general?topic??2)??Reading?and?thinking?3)?Narrowing?down?the?scope?of?our?topic?to?a?facet?or?facets?which?can?be?developed?into?a?research?paper.??The?following?points?may?be?used?as?a?set?of?criteria?for?our?final?topic:?(1)?It?should?be?a?topic?that?is?meaningful?and?serious.?(2)?It?should?be?a?topic?which?we?are?able?to?handle.?(3)?It?should?be?a?topic?for?which?sufficient?materials?are?available.?(4)?It?should?be?a?topic?that?can?be?treated?objectively,?a?topic?that?does?not?involve?personal?likes?or?dislikes.??The?following?example?shows?how?to?restrict?the?scope?and?how?to?work?out?a?suitable?topic?for?a?research?paper:?It?should?be?a?topic?which?we?are?able?to?handle.?
2.?Collecting?information??It?is?impossible?for?us?to?write?a?paper?of?some?significance?without?any?information,?…?1)?Using?the?library????A?library?is?a?center?of?information.?…?Sample?1???About?the?adventures?of?march?in?the?title?catalogue?file,?we?can?find?one?of?more?cards?for?the?novel?published?by?different?companies?and?at?different?times:…?2)?Reading????Most?of?the?information?or?raw?material?for?a?paper?will?come?from?books,?…?3)?Taking?notes????While?reading,?we?should?take?notes?because?it?is?almost?impossible?for?us?to?remember?everything?we?have?read?and?without?good?notes?it?is?very?difficult?for?us?to?produce?a?good?research?paper.??
3.?Analyzing?the?information,?organizing?ideas?and?working?out?an?outline??1)?The?thesis?statement??2)?Outlining??
4.?Writing?The?First?Draft????1)?Using?our?own?words????2?Using?the?proper?tenses??3)?Uniting?facts?and?views??4)?Paying?attention?to?logic?and?organization??5)?Making?our?tone?objective?rather?than?personal??6)?Choosing?the?right?style??
5.?Revising?the?Draft?and?Finalizing?the?Paper??
III??Format??
1.?components?of?a?paper??1)?thesis?statement?and?outline???2)?Introduction??3)?Body??4)?Conclusion??????5)?In-text?notes?and?works?cited??
2.?Use?of?Quotations??1)?Rules?regarding?the?use?of?quotations??2)?When?to?use?direct?quotations??3)?How?to?use?direct?quotations?
?3.Use?of?notes??1)?Avoiding?plagiarism???2)?note?forms???3)?Notes?for?supplementary?information??
4.?Works?cited??1)?The?book?catalogue??2)?Making?bibliography???3)?Bibliography?cards?for?books??
Step?3.?Practice:???Discuss?the?method?of?writing?a?research?paper?with?the?method?mentioned?above.?
Step?4.?Summary:?1.Make?a?brief?summary?of?the?ways?of?research?paper?writing????2.Summarize?the?contents?of?this?subject???????????????????????????????
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