英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishLiterature1.Allegory(寓言)Ataleinverseor proseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstrac tideasormoralqualities.寓言,讽喻:一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法,其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点 、原则或支配力。2.Alliteration(头韵)Alliterationistherepetitionofth esameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwords. 头韵:在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。3.Allusion(典故)Areferenceto aperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexp ectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.典故:作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的 特定人物,地点,事件,文学作品的引用。4.Analogy(类比)Acomparisonmadebetweentwo thingstoshowthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.类比:为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进 行的比较。5.Antagonist(反面主角)Theprincipalcharacterinopposition totheprotagonistorheroorheroineofanarrativeordrama.反 面主角:叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。6.Antithesis(对仗)Thebalancing oftwocontrastingideas,words,orsentences.对仗:两组相对的思想,言辞,词句的平 衡。7.Aphorism(警句)Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingaw iseorcleverobservationaboutlife.警句:蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。8 .Aside(旁白)Apieceofdialogueintendedfortheaudienceandsu pposedlynotheardbyotheractorsonstage.旁白:只说给观众而认为不会让台上其他演员 听到的一段对话。9.Apostrophe(呼语)Thedirectaddressofanabsentorim aginarypersonorofapersonifiedabstraction,especiallyasad igressioninthecourseofaspeechorcomposition.呼语:直接称呼不在场或虚构 的人物或称呼拟人的事物,尤指作为演讲或作文过程中的离题话。10.Assonance(类韵)Therepetitiono fsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.类音,类韵:相同或相似元音的重复,尤其 指在诗歌中的重复。11.Atmosphere(氛围)Theprevailingmoodorfeelingofa literarywork.12.Autobiography(自传)Aperson‘saccountofhis orherownlife.13.Ballad(民谣)Anarrativepoem,oftenoffol koriginandintendedtobesung.14.BalladStanza(民谣诗节)Atyp eoffour-linestanza,thefirstandthethirdlineshavefourst ressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondandfourthlineshavethree stresses.15.Biography(传记)Adetailedaccountofaperson‘sl ifewrittenbyanotherperson.传记:由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。16.BlankVe rse(无韵体诗)Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.17.Caes ura(休止)Abreakorpauseinalineofpoetry.18.Canto(章)One oftheprincipaldivisionsofalongpoem..诗章:一首长诗的主要部分之一。19. Caricature(夸张讽刺)Theuseofexaggerationordistortiontomake afigureappearcomicorridiculous.夸张讽刺:为了使文中的人物显得可笑而使用的夸张或扭曲人物 形象的手法。20.Characterization(人物刻画)Themeansbywhichawriterr evealsthepersonalityofacharacter.人物刻画:作者表现作品中人物性格的方法。21. Classicism(古典主义)Amovementortendencyinart,literature,orm usicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancien tGreeceandRome.古典主义:一种在文学,艺术,音乐领域体现古代希腊,罗马风格的运动。22.Climax (高潮)Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseina narrative.23.Comedy(喜剧)Adramaticworkthatisoftenhumoro usorsatiricalintoneandusuallycontainsahappyresolutiono fthethematicconflict.喜剧:轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品,常包括主题冲突的愉快解决 24.Conceit(奇想)Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetw eentwostartlinglydifferentthings.奇想:一种在截然不同的事物之间建立起的比喻。25 .Conflict(冲突)Astrugglebetweentwoopposingforcesorcharact ersinashortstory,novel,play,ornarrativepoem.冲突:故事,小说,戏剧 中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。26.Connotation(外延)Alltheemotionsandassoci ationsthatawordorphrasemayarouse.外延:包括单词字面意思之外的或被该词汇唤起的全部 内涵的意义。27.Consonance(辅音韵)Therepetitionofconsonantsoraco nsonantpattern,especiallyattheendsofwords.辅音韵:辅音或辅音模式的重复, 尤指位于词尾的。28.Couplet(双韵体)Aunitofverseconsistingoftwosuc cessivelines,usuallyrhymingandhavingthesamemeterandofte nformingacompletethoughtorsyntacticunit.双韵体:包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗 的单位,通常压韵并具有同样的格律,经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位29.Heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体)Ac oupletwritteniniambicpentameteriscalledaheroiccouplet.英 雄双韵体:五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。30.Denotation(内涵)Theliteralordiction arymeaningofaword.直接意义:一个词的字面意义或词典意义。31.Denouement(结局)T hefinalresolutionorclarificationofadramaticornarrativep lot.结局:戏剧或叙事场景的最后结果。32.Diction(措辞)Awriter‘schoiceanduse ofwordsinspeechorwriting,particularlyforclarity,effecti veness,andprecision.措词:讲话或书写中,出于表述清晰,言简意赅对词语的使用或选择。33.Disso nance(不协和)Aharshordisagreeablecombinationofsounds;discor d.34.Dramaticmonologue(戏剧独白)Akindofnarrativepoeminwhi chonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesar enotgiveninthepoem.35.Elegy(挽歌)Apoemorsongcomposed especiallyasalamentforadeceasedperson.挽歌,挽诗:专门为悼念某一死者所写的诗 或歌.36.EmblematicImage(象征)Averbalpictureoffigurewitha longtraditionofmoralorreligiousmeaningattachedtoit.37. Epic(史诗)Anextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedla nguage,celebratingthefeatsofalegendaryortraditionalhero. 史诗:用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗,歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩38.Epigram(隽语)Aconcise ,clever,oftenparadoxicalstatement,susallyintheformofap oem.隽语:一个简明,机智,常常似是而非的陈述,经常以诗的形式出现39.Epigraph(引语/开场白)Amott oorquotationatthebeginningofaliterarycomposition,settin gforthatheme.引语:在一部文学作品开头的引言,警句,阐明主题40.Epilogue(结语/收场白) Ashortadditionorconcludingsectionattheendofaliteraryw ork,oftendealingwiththefutureofitscharacters.Alsocalled Inthissense,alsocalledafterword结语:文学作品结束时简短的附加或总结性章节,常常关于 作品人物的未来也作在此意义上也可称作afterword.41.Epiphany(顿悟)Amomentofillu mination,usuallyoccurrsatorneartheendofawork.顿悟:对现实真谛的 顿悟或洞察,通常出现在作品的结尾.42.Epitaph(墓志铭)Aninscriptiononatombstone orinashortpoeminmemoryofsomeonewhohasbeendead.墓志铭:刻于 墓碑上用以怀念死者的碑铭.43.Epithet(表述词语)Atermusedtocharacterizeap ersonorthing。表述词语:用来表示某人某物特性的一个表达。44.Essay(散文)Ashortlit erarycompositiononasinglesubject,usuallypresentingtheper sonalviewoftheauthor.散文:内容通常论及一个主题的短小文章,通常表达作者个人的观点45.Exe mplum(说教故事)Atale,usuallyinsertedintothetextofasermon, thatillustratesamoralprinciple.说教故事:一种短小的体现某种道德原则的故事性文章,通常出现 在布道文中。46.Fable(寓言)Abriefstorythatistoldtopresentamo ral,orpracticallesson.寓言:一种体现某种道德观念或实用价值的说教性文章。47.Farce(轻 喜剧)Akindofcomedybasedonaridiculoussituation,oftenwith stereotypedcharacters.轻喜剧:一种以可笑的情节的为基础的喜剧,通常包含固定的角色。48.Figu rativeLanguage(象征性语言)Languagethatisnotintendedtobeinter pretedinaliteralsense.象征性语言:不能直接用字面意义来理解的语言。49.Figureof Speech(比喻)Awordoranexpressionthatisnotmeanttobeinter pretedinliteralsense.比喻:不能直接按照字面意义理解的词语或表述方法。50.Flashback( 倒叙)Aliterarydeviceinwhichanearliereventisinsertedinto anarrative.倒叙,闪回镜头:一种文学或电影的表现手法,往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情 51.Foil(陪衬)Acharacterwhosetsoffanothercharacterbycont rast.陪衬:用来反衬其他人物的人物。52.Foreshadowing(铺垫)Theuseofhintsor cluesinanarrativetosuggestwhatwillhappenlater.铺垫:用来预示将 要发生的事情的线索或暗示。53.Freeverse(自由诗体)Versesthathasneitherame tricalpatternoranregularpattern.自由诗体:既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律的诗体。54 .hyperbole(夸张法)Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisuse dforemphasisoreffect夸张法:一种比喻,使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果。55.Iambicpen tameter(五步抑扬格)Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,with eachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbya stressedsyllable.五步抑扬格:一种诗句形式,每行诗句包含五个抑扬格音步。56.Imagery(意象) Wordsorphrasesthatcreatepictures,orimages,inreaders‘min d.意象:用来在读者的思维中唤起某种图示或形象的词汇。57.Incrementalrepetition(递进重复)T herepetitionofapreviouslineorlines,butwithaslightvari ationeachtimethatadvancesthenarrativestanzabystanza.递进 重复:诗歌中对上文中一行或几行的重复,但每次重复都有一定的变化,而且每一节的重复中的叙述都有所强化。58.Inversion (倒装句)Thetechniqueofreversing,orinvertingthenormalwordo rderofasentence.倒装句:一种将句子正常的表达方法倒置的技巧。59.Invocation(开篇祷告) Acalltoamuse,godorspiritforinspirationatthebeginning ofanepicorotherpoem.开篇祷告:在史诗或诗歌的开篇企求神灵给予启示的文字。60.Irony (反语)Acontrastbetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant, orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappened. 反语:一种建立在字面表述和真实意义上或期待产生的结果和真实的结果之间的对比。61.Kenning(隐喻语)Afigur ative,usuallycompoundexpressionusedinplaceofanameornou n,especiallyinOldEnglishandOldNorsepoetry.forexample,s tormofswordsisakenningforbattle.隐喻语:尤指古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语诗中,一种比 喻性的,在表名字或名词时常用的复合表达方式,如“剑的风暴”是“战争”的隐喻语62.Lyric(抒情诗)Apoe m,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker‘spersonalthoug htsorfeelings.抒情诗:一种用来抒发作者感情或思想的短诗。63.Masque(假面剧)Adramat icentertainment,usuallyperformedbymaskedplayersrepresentin gmythologicalorallegoricalfigures,thatwaspopularinEnglan dinthe16thandearly17thcenturies.假面剧:一种戏剧性娱乐,由代表神话或寓言中人物的佩 戴面具者表演,该娱乐形式在16世纪和17世纪早期的英国很流行.64.Melodrama(情节剧)Adramathat hasstereotypedcharacters,exaggeratedemotions,andaconflict thatpitsanall-goodheroorheroineagainstanall-evilvillai n.65.Metaphor(隐喻)Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphras ethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanoth er,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.隐喻:一种语言表达手法,通常用指某物的词或词组来指 代他物,从而暗示它们之间的相似之处.66.MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学派诗歌)Thepoemsof1 7th-centuryEnglishpoets,whoseverseischaracterizedbyanint ellectuallychallengingstyleandextendedmetaphorscomparingve rydissimilarthings.玄学派诗歌:17世纪英国诗人的诗歌,这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧,引人深思,善用引申的 暗喻来对比极其不同的事物.67.Meter(格律)Agenerallyregularpatternofstre ssedandunstressedsyllablesinpoetry.格律:诗歌中通常的重读音节和非重读音节的排列模式 。68.Metonymy(转喻)Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphra seissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated .转喻:一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法.69.Mockepic(讽刺史诗)Acom icliteraryfromthattreatsatrivialsubjectinthegrand,hero icstyleoftheepic.讽刺史诗:一种用史诗的宏大风格来描写微不足道的事情的喜剧形式。70.Motif (主旨)Arecurrentthematicelementinanartisticorliterarywork .主题:艺术品或文学作品中反复体现的、揭示主题的部分。71.Motivation(动机)Thereasons,ei therstatedorimplied,foracharacter‘sbehavior.动机:引发作品中人物行为 的理由。72.Myth(神话)Astory,oftenaboutimmortalsandsometimes connectedwithreligiousrituals,thatisintendedtogivemeanin gtothemysteriesoftheworld.神话:一种解释世界上的神秘现象的关于神灵或同宗教仪式有联系的故事 。73.NarrativePoem(叙事诗)Apoemthattellsastory.叙事诗:讲述一个故事 的诗歌。74.Narrator(叙述者)Onewhonarratesortellsastory.叙述者:讲 述或叙述一个故事的人。75.Naturalism(自然主义)Thepracticeofdescribingpre ciselytheactualcircumstancesofhumanlifeinliterature,iti stheextremeformofrealism.自然主义:在文学中精确地描述人类现实环境的实践,现实主义的最高表现形 式。76.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)Arevivalinliteratureinthelate 17thand18thcenturies,characterizedbyaregardfortheclass icalidealsofreason,form,andrestraintstyles.新古典主义:17、18世纪晚 期的文学复兴,以尊重古代典型的推理形式和严谨文体为特征77.Novel(小说)Abooklengthfiction alprosenarrative,havingmanycharactersandoftenacomplexpl ot.小说:虚构的叙述性文章,有一定长度,较多的人物,和思想复杂的情节。78.Octave(八行诗)Aneight- linepoemorstanza.79.Ode(颂)Acomplexandoftenlengthylyr icpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorser ioussubject.颂:一种复杂的,具有一定长度的诗歌,通常以高贵的风格写成,用来表述一些高尚或严肃的主题。80.O nomatopoeia(拟声)Theformationoruseofwordsbyimitatingthes oundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.拟声:通 过模仿事物或行动的声音构词的方法。81.Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)Arhetoricalfigureinw hichcombinesorcontradictorytermsarecombined,asinadeafen ingsilenceandamournfuloptimist.矛盾修饰法:一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手 法,如在"震耳欲聋的沉默"和"悲伤的乐观"82.Paradox(似非而是)Astatementthatreve alsakindoftruth,althoughitseemsatfirsttobeself-contra dictoryanduntrue.似非而是:一种在字面上看起来自相矛盾,却体现着一定的真理的说法。83.Paralle lism(并行)Theuseofphrases,clauses,orsentencesthataresimi larorcomplementaryinstructureorinmeaning.并行:结构或意义相近的词汇,子句 ,句子的并用。84.Parody(模仿诗文)Ahumorousimitationofaworkofartf orcomiceffectorridicule.模仿诗文:一种为取得喜剧或嘲讽效果,而对某一艺术作品进行的滑稽模仿。 85.Pastoral(田园诗)Akindofpoem,thatdealsinanidealizedwa ywithshepherdsandrusticlife.田园诗:一种用理想的手法来体现牧羊人的乡村生活的诗歌。86 .Pathos(悲怅)Thequalityinaworkofliteratureorartthataro usesthereader‘sfeelingsofpity,sorrow,orcompassionforac haracter.悲怅:文学艺术作品的一种引发读者怜悯,同情或伤感的特质。87.Personification(拟人) Afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsare endowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghu manform.拟人:给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象.88.Plot(情节)Theplan ofeventsormainstoryinanovel,narrativeordrama.情节:在小说,故 事,或戏剧中事件的概要或主要故事.89.Pointofview(视角)Apointfromwhichana uthorpresentsastory.视角:作者阐述故事的角度。90.protagonist(主角)Them aincharacterinadramaorotherliterarywork.主角:戏剧或其他文学作品中的主要 人物.91.Psalm(赞美诗)AsongorlyricpoeminpraiseofGod.赞美诗:用 来颂扬上帝的诗歌或抒情诗。92.Pun(双关语)Theuseofawordorphrasetosugge sttwoormoremeaningsatthesametime.双关语:用一个词来同时表示两个内涵。93. Quatrain(四行诗)Astanzaorpoemoffourlines.94.Realism(现实主 义)Therepresentationinartorliteratureofobjects,actions,o rsocialconditionsastheyactuallyare,withoutidealizationor presentationinabstractform.现实主义:在艺术或文学中将事物,行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表 现,而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化95.Refrain(副句)Aphrase,verse,orgroupof versesrepeatedatintervalsthroughoutasongorpoem,especiall yattheendofeachstanza.副句,副歌:一个短语、一句诗或一组诗句在一首歌或诗中每隔一段重复一次, 尤其在每个诗节的结尾处96.Rhyme(压韵)Therepetitionofsoundsintwoormo rewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.压韵 :音在两个或两个以上的词汇或短语中的重复。97.Rhythm(格律)Thearrangementofstresse dandunstressedsyllablesintoapattern.重读音节和非重读音节的固定排列模式。98 .Romance(传奇故事)Animaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidea lizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbet weengoodanddevil.传奇故事:设定在想象世界中的以英雄冒险和善恶之间的斗争为题材的文学作品。99.Ro manticism(浪漫主义)Anartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatin ginEuropeinthelate18thcenturywhichemphasisontheindivi dual‘sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromthe attitudesandformsofclassicism.浪漫主义:起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种注重个人情感和想象力的 表达的艺术和知识上的运动,它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖.100.Satire(讽刺文)Akindofwriting thatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessandwrongdoin gsofindividuals,institutionsorhumanityingeneral.讽刺:一种讽刺个人 ,习俗或人性中的缺点或错误的文体。101.Scansion(韵律分析)Theanalysisofverseinto meterpatterns.韵律分析:将诗划分成音步的分析方法。102.Sestet(六行诗)Asix-line poemorstanza.103.Setting(背景)Thetime,place,andcircumsta ncesinwhichanarrative,drama,ornoveltakesplace.背景:记叙文、戏剧 或小说发生的时间、地点和环境.104.Simile(明喻)Acomparisonmadebetweentwot hingsthroughtheuseofaspecificwordofcomparison.明喻:两种事物之间 借助于比喻词汇进行的比较。105.Soliloquy(独白)Adramaticorliteraryformof discourseinwhichacharacterrevealsacharacter‘sthoughtswh enaloneorunawareofthepresenceofothercharacters.独白:一种戏剧或 文学的说话形式,其中某角色在独自一人或不知道其他角色存在的情况下展示角色的思想。106.Song(歌)Ashortl yricpoemwithdistinctmusicalqualities,normallywrittentobe settomusic.歌:一种具有典型的音乐特征的抒情诗体,通常为谱曲而作。107.Sonnet(十四行诗)A 14-lineverseformusuallywritteniniambicpentameter.十四行诗:一种由 十四行组成的诗歌形式,通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。108.SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体)Anine linestanzawiththefollowingrhymeschemeababbcbcc.109.Stre amofconsciousness(意识流)Thestyleofwritingthatattemptstoi mitatethenaturalflowofacharacter‘sthoughts,feelingsrefle ctions,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.意识流: 一种模仿作品中人物思想,思维,精神活动的自然过程的写作技巧。110.Style(风格)Anauthor‘scharact eristicwayofwriting,determinedbythechoiceofwords,thear rangementofwordsinsentences,andtherelationshipofsentence stooneandanother.风格:由词汇的选择,句子中词汇的安排,句子之间的关系形成的某一作家的特定的写作方式。 111.Suspense(悬念)Thequalityofastory,novel,ordramathat makesreadersuncertainortenseabouttheoutcomeofevents.悬念: 小说,故事,戏剧所具有的使读者对结局产生不安或紧张的感觉的特质。112.Symbol(象征)Anyobject,pe rson,place,oractionthathasameaninginitselfandalsostan dsforsomethinglargerthanitself,suchasaquality,attitude, orbelief.象征:本身具有意义,用来体现高于自身意义的思想的,观点的人,物,行为,地点。113.Symbolism(象征主义)Aliterarymovementinthelate19thcentury,characterizedbytheuseofsymbolstorepresentthings.象征主义:十九世纪的一种文学潮流,运用象征来体现事物。114.Synecdoche(提喻法)Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole.提喻法:一种以局部代表整体的修辞方法。115.Terzarima(三行体)AnItalianverseformconsistingofaseriesofthreelinestanzasinwhichthemiddlelineofeachstanzarhymeswiththefirstandthethirdlinesofthefollowingstanza.(ababcbcde,ect.)116.Theme(主题)Thegeneralideaorinsightaboutlifethatawriterwishestoexpressinaliterarywork.作者在作品中表现的对于生活的总的观点或看法。117.Tone(调子)Theattitudeawritertakestowardhisorhersubject,characters,oraudience.调子:作者对于作品的主题,人物和读者所持的态度。118.Tragedy(悲剧)Ingeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichtheprotagonistmeetsanunhappyordisastrousend.悲剧:以主人公可悲的或灾难性的结局结束的故事。119.Wit(睿智)Abrillianceandquicknessofperceptioncombinedwithaclevernessofexpression.睿智:巧妙的思维和睿智的表达的结合。120.Exposition(评注)Thepartofanarrativeordrama,inwhichimportantbackgroundinformationisrevealed.评注:记叙文章或戏剧中向读者介绍主要的背景情况的部分。 |
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