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Lijun Chen 1. The Seismo-Geothermics Theory By studying the relation between earthquake focal depth and strong seismicity in China, the author has proposed the hypothesis of Seismo-geothermics according to the finding of the influence to the Chinese strong earthquakes by the four hotspots within or around China, such as China Huichun, China Taiwan, Yunnan-Burma, Pamirs-Hindu Kush, and the phenomenon of driving layer by layer from bottom to top in the crust (Chen LiJun, 2000). The hypothesis figures out that the lithospheric mantle material and the molten material of bottom part with high temperature and high pressure at four deep "hot spots" around China will interact with restriction of some common mechanism and then form intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes by mean of rapidly migration or "bumping". The energy is mainly released by heat energy which is transmitted and moved to all the layers of the crust, in turn, then caused the seismic activity of all layers, and finally, reach to the layer nearly to the surface. The remaining heat energy is exhausted through the late land surface random seismic activity. This forms a complete "earthquake chain" process. So reciprocating, round and round, the alternation of four "hot spots" makes up the complex process and pattern activities of Chinese earthquake activity (Fig.1). In recent years, by using the data of ANSS earthquake catalogue from http://www./anss/, GVP volcanic monthly report from http://www.volcano./ and volcanic material in China (Liu Jiaqi, 1999), and comparing distribution area of earthquakes which have a different depth 100 km below with active volcanoes information, the author has divided 24 Seismic cone tectonics worldwide (Fig.2), and then find the rising path of heat energy from the deep of mantle, and the phenomenon of driving layer by layer from bottom to top too. So that author applies the Seismo-Geothermics to worldwide and studies the rule of seismicity and volcanic activity of mantle plume one by one, and achieves a set of important research results (see http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/seisman). 2. The definition and tectonic characters of Seismic cone tectonics The so-called Seismic cone tectonic means the columnar geological body within the deep mantle or the upper mantle that is formed by intermediate and deep-focus earthquake activities and volcanic eruption. Therefore, the division of the Seismic cone tectonic is subject to the common feature of earthquakes and volcanic activity. In three-dimensional space, the Seismic cone tectonic is the top-down cone, similar to a big tree with a complete root, trunk and tree crown which is also called tree structure. Within the same Seismic cone tectonic, the formation can be single tree structure, doubletree structure, or multiple tree structure. Also, the other type is branch structure i.e. one single root and trunk contains several branches which form a large crown canopy. The different tree structure has an independent body under the tree crown canopy (Fig.3). Among the 22 global Seismic cone tectonics, the maximum depth is 735 km and the minimum depth is 181 km. The minimum depth of three sub earthquake mantle plume is 98 km. Under the tree canopy of each Seismic cone tectonic, within the depth between 50 ~ 250 km, there is a moderate deep earthquake activity pillars, called lava sac. Canopy is an affected area of earthquake activities in earth shell, which is multiple greater than lava sac. Lava sac is the warehouse to cumulate energy and material uprising from the depth, also the chamber of magma of volcanic eruption. The developed lava sac is called gradual type, which the energy from the depth is released through the lava sac a gradually. The undeveloped lava sac is called outbreak type, which heat energy can rush straight through to the crust. The energy accumulation inside Lava sac is adjusted together by the volcanic eruption and earthquake activities within the crust. The preliminary investigation indicates that 86.7% of the active volcanoes and 98% of earthquakes with magnitude 7.5 and above worldwide were controlled by a total of 24 Seismic cone tectonics. Usually, the active volcano distributes around the lava sac, and strong earthquakes with magnitude 7 or 8 and above are mostly distributed around the canopy, showing the status of the energy of lava sac is exhausted (Fig.4). Benioff section is a cut section of Seismic cone tectonic. It can exist only within Seismic cone tectonic. Seismic cone tectonic investigated indicates consistently that the activity within Seismic cone tectonic is mainly the heat activity driven layer by layer from bottom to top. In the Seismo-Geothermics, the Benioff section will be a very important tool for future research of location of earthquake activity or volcanic activity by slice cutting of Seismic cone tectonic. A simple boiling water testing can roughly explain the working principle of Seismic cone tectonic. If we put a beaker with water onto a plane heat source, and when the temperature is appropriate, the air bubbles appear and burst immediately on the bottom of the breaker. With higher water temperatures the bubbles rise and burst ceaselessly, the water surface is gradually deformed. When bubbles can rise close to the water surface, it is into the stage of “sounding water not boiling”, and then is boiling. The prediction of earthquake and volcano is to find looking for the timing of “sounding water not boiling”. The "bubble" in boiling water test can either be the gases of the mantle or be the transformation of mantle mineral from liquid to gas under the condition of high temperature and high pressure. Volcanic gases contain "solid mineral steam"（http://baike.baidu.com/view/1453016.htm#sub1453016）. The annual chart published by Global GPS networks shows a hemisphere motion, which may be related to the causes of formation of the Seismic cone tectonic. 3. The application of Seismo-Geothermics At midnight of March 12, 2011, the next day of the “311” earthquake in Japan, Author raised his new thought that the earthquake magnitude 9 was triggered by Japan Seismic cone tectonic activities in his blog (http://blog.sina.com.cn/seisman). Until June 10, 2011, aftershocks were still limited in the mantle plume, while the five mantle plumes nearby only had normal earthquake activity without influence (Fig.5). Rumour of volcano eruption was widely passed after “311” earthquake in Japan, but author pointed out in his blog that Japan need not too panic, by classifying the 3 groups of active volcanoes in Japan. The first group located in Seismic volcanic plume of Japan was already calm down by quake magnitude 9. No earthquake activity response in Kyushu after the “311” earthquake, so the eruption of the Shinmoedake (Xinranyue) volcano, which is more than 1000 km away to the south is by accident. The group of the volcano with NW trending including Mount Fuji which is controlled by northern Mariana mantle plume has no earthquake activity either, so they won't explode shortly. Fortunately, up to now, there is no new volcanic eruption. There was a rumour that Taiwan will have an earthquake magnitude of about 8 after Japan. The author pointed out in his article on www.sciencenet.cn that "Taiwan may have no strong earthquakes in 2011". The research of volcano in Italy, Turkey, Solomon and Tonga shows that an active volcano has a close relation to lava sac. Usually, a volcano located around the volcanic lava sac is active or just temporarily dormant, while those volcanoes far away from the volcanic lava sac may be dormant permanently. A few volcanoes in Central Turkey have been dormant for over 1600 years, and a few volcanoes in northwest Italy have been dormant for over 2000 years. They can't come alive in a short period (Fig.6). The research in Indonesian Seismic cone tectonic shows that earthquakes and volcanic prediction have an identity. The time series of layer-by-layer driving from bottom to the top of medium-to-deep earthquakes may monitor the possible time of future earthquake or volcanic eruption in the shell, and also monitor the potential location of intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes. (The 1st draft, 2011.6.15) See: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-552558-492867.html
Fig.1 The Seismic cone tectonics in China
Fig.2 The Seismic cone tectonics on The Earth Fig.3 The tree structure of Seismic cone tectonics
Fig.4 The Seismic cone tectonics with volcanoes & earthquakes on the earth
Fig.5 The aftershocks in 196 days after the earthquake magnitude 9 in Japan
Fig.6 The fading image of volcanoes in Italy References: [1]Chen Lijun. Research of Earthquake focal depth and strong seismicity in China. 2000, earthquake geology preservative. 22, No. 360-370 [2]Liu Jiaqi. Volcanos in China. 1999. Science Press, Beijing |
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