【原】动词不定式用法

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一、结构：

to+动词原形  (not +to+vt, 疑问词+to+vt)  

二、功能：

主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。 

三、特征：

保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等构成不定式短语。

四、时态和语态

时态和语态

	主动语态	被动语态
一般式	to do	to be done
进行式	to be doing	无
完成式	to have done	to have been done

He pretended not to see us.

他假装没看见我们。---->一般式表示与谓语的动作同时或发生在它之后。

He pretended to be sleeping.

他假装睡着了。---->在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行。

She pretended to have known it before.

她假装以前就知道。---->完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。

五、用法  

A、作主语    

1.用it作形式主语。（带疑问词的不定式不能用形式主语代替）    

2.不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for或of引出，加在不定式短语前面。

下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由of引出，这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词，careless 粗心的、clever 聪明的、cruel 残忍的、foolish 愚蠢的、good 好的、kind 好心的、naughty 淘气的、nice 好的、polite 礼貌的、right 正确的、rude 无礼的、silly 愚蠢的、stupid 傻的、unwise 不明智的、wise 明智的、wrong 错误的：

It is + 形容词＋of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.”，“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何：

careless 粗心的：

It is very careless of him to leave the door open at night. 

他夜间敞着门也实在是太大意了。

clever 聪明的：

It is very clever of you not to listen to him. 

你没听他的真是太明智了。

cruel 残忍的：

It is cruel of him to make the donkey carry such a heavy load. 

他真心狠，让驴驮这么重的东西。

foolish 愚蠢的:

It is foolish to risk skin cancer. 

冒患上皮肤癌的风险是愚蠢的。

good 好的：

It is good enough to earn ten thousand yuan or so a month. 

一个月赚个万儿八千的相当不错了。

kind 好心的：

It is kind of you to say so. 

你真客气说了这样的话。

naughty 淘气的：

It was naughty of you to pull the cat's tail. 

你拉猫的尾巴太顽皮了。

nice 好的：

It is nice of you to ask me to your party tonight. 

今晚你能邀请我参加你的晚会真是太好了。

polite 礼貌的：

It is polite to listen to people carefully, and I usually do. 

耐心地听别人说话是礼貌的，而我通常就是这么做的。

right 正确的：

I found we could make some saving and it is right to pass the savings on to the customer. 

我发现我们能够做些节省，将节省下来的部分让利于顾客是正确的。

rude 无礼的：

It is rude to remark upon the appearance of other people. 

对别人评头论足是粗鲁的。

silly 愚蠢的：

It is silly of me to make such mistakes. 

我犯这样的错误很傻。

stupid 傻的：

It is stupid of you to think you will not get caught. 

你认为不会被抓到，这种想法实在很愚蠢。

unwise 不明智的：

It is unwise to involve yourself in this matter. 

你把自己牵涉入此事是不明智的。

wise 明智的：

It is wise to seek help and counsel as soon as possible. 

尽快寻求帮助和建议乃明智之举。

wrong 错误的：

It is wrong to suggest that there are easy alternatives 

如果认为有更容易的选择，那就错了。

注意：

It is difficult for me to learn English.  更强调学英语很难，不能写成          

I am difficult to learn English. ---->这句话含有逻辑错误。

3.动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。    

As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. 

作为年轻人，我们有责任尽力应对每一个挑战。

It was necessary to talk with his mother. 

有必要和他母亲谈谈。  

How to make requests politely is important.---->不用it

如何礼貌地提出请求是很重要的。 

B、作表语    

动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：    

The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.  

提高英语水平的最好方法是参加英语俱乐部。

The first thing is to greet the teacher.

第一件事是问候老师。

C、作宾语  

1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：     

要求选择同意（ask, choose, agree）：

ask:

He asked to speak to the sister on the ward. 

他请求和病房里的护士长说话。

choose:

I can choose to ignore these extraneous thoughts or certainly choose not to act on them. 

我可以选择无视这些无关的想法，当然也可以选择不按这些想法行事。

agree:

You and I are going to have to agree to disagree then. 

那你我只能各自保留不同意见了。

期望决定学习（expect, hope, decide, learn）：

expect:

You cannot expect to like all the people you will work with 

不要指望你会喜欢所有和你共事的人。

hope:

We hope to continue to have her close support and friendship. 

我们希望她能继续大力支持，并能与她维持亲密友谊。

decide:

I'll engage for John's behaviour should you decide to employ him. 

如果你决定聘用约翰，我愿为他的行为担保。

learn:

You have to learn to face your problem 

你要学会面对自己的问题。

宁可假装知道（prefer, pretend, know）：

prefer:

I still prefer to play in defence. 

我还是更喜欢打防守。

pretend:

Within this lecture I cannot pretend to deal adequately with dreams. 

在这一次讲座中，我不敢自诩能对梦境作透彻的分析。

know:

Do you know to have omitted inside that book one page? 

你知道有一页从那本书里遗漏了吗？

希望想要愿意（wish, want, would like/love）：

wish:

I wish to express my gratitude to Kathy Davis for her immense practical help. 

凯茜·戴维斯实实在在地帮了大忙，我想对她表示感谢。

want:

I want to have a talk with him alone. 

我要和他单独谈一谈。

would like:

We would like to thank them for their patience and understanding. 

我们要感谢他们的耐心和理解。

love:

I love to travel, I'm ready to go at the drop of a hat. 

我喜欢旅游，我准备马上就去。

2.feel, find, make, think等动词后有不定式作宾语且又带宾补时，要用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式:

feel:

But in the past years, whether teachers or students feel it hard to get an efficient result or boring to study. 

但长期以来，无论是老师还是学生都觉得它枯燥无味，取得好的教学效果比较困难。

find:

I find it difficult to remember everything.  

我发现很难记住每件事。

3.不定式与动名词作宾语的区别      

A.不定式作宾语表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，V-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作、习惯性的动作。  

B接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词： 

remember to do sth. 记住要做某事：

Remember to bring an apron or an old shirt to protect your clothes 

记得带一个围裙或者一件旧衬衫来，免得弄脏你的衣服。

remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事：

Do you remember switching the lights off before we came out?

你记得我们出来之前关灯了吗？

forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事：

Don't forget to take your camera. 

别忘了带上相机。

forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事 ：

I'll never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time.

我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。

regret to do sth. 后悔（遗憾）要做某事：

We regret to inform you that you are being furloughed indefinitely 

我们遗憾地通知您，您将要无限期地在家待岗。

regret doing sth. 后悔（遗憾）曾做过某事：

He bitterly regretted ever having mentioned it.

他非常懊悔提起那件事。

try to do sth. 设法要做某事：

One child shrinks away from me when I try to talk to him 

当我试图和一个孩子说话时，他避开了我。

try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果：

John isn't here. Try phoning his home number.

约翰不在这儿。给他家里打电话试试看。

mean to do sth. 打算做某事：

She means to succeed.

她一意求成。

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事：

This new order will mean working overtime.

这新订单一来，我们就得加班加点。

can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事：

I can't help to clean the room. 

我不能帮助打扫房子了。

can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事：

I can't help feeling that this may just be another of her schemes 

我不免觉得这可能只是她的又一个诡计。

go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事：

If the gene is present, a human embryo will go on to develop as a male. 

如果这种基因存在，人类胚胎就会发育为男性。

go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事：

Unemployment is likely to go on rising this year...

今年的失业人数可能会继续上升

stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事（目的状语）：

She doesn't stop to think about what she's saying 

她都没有停下来想一想自己在说些什么。

stop doing sth. 停止正在做的：

That phone never stops ringing!

那个电话没有不响的时候！

D、作补语   

1.带to的不定式作补语的动词主要有：

要求允许提议（ask, allow, permit, advise）

ask:

She's asked him to come to the party.

她已邀请他来参加聚会。

allow:

She won't allow herself to be dictated to.

她不会听人摆布的。

permit:

She would not permit herself to look at them.

她避免看他们。

advise:

Police are advising people to stay at home.

警方告诫民众要留在家里。

期望邀请鼓励（expect, suppose, invite, encourage）

expect:

I didn't expect him to become a successful writer.

我没想到他会成为一个成功的作家。

suppose:

She had supposed him (to be) very rich.

她原以为他很有钱。

invite:

They have invited me to go to Paris with them.

他们邀请我和他们一同去巴黎。

encourage:

Banks actively encourage people to borrow money.

银行积极鼓动人们贷款。

教导告诉想要（teach, tell, want）

teach:

Could you teach me to do that?

你能教我干那活儿吗？

tell:

A passer-by told the driver to move his car so that it was not causing an obstruction 

一个过路人叫那个司机把他的车挪一挪，免得挡道。

want:

Do you want me to help?

你要我帮忙吗？

等待希望愿意（wait for, wish, would like / love） 

wait for:

Should I go back to the motel and wait for you to telephone? 

我要回汽车旅馆等你电话吗？

wish:

He was not sure whether he wished her to stay or go.

他说不准他到底是希望她留下还是离开。

would like:

I would like it to be an informal occasion 

我希望把它办得不那么正式。

love: 

He loved her to sing to him.

他喜欢让她唱歌给他听。

2.不带to不定式作补语，多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括：

五看：look at, observe, see, watch，notice

三让：have, let, make

二听：hear, listen to

一感觉：feel

另外：find

如：  

Your word makes me feel happy！      

we want to see Liu Yu  chieve his dreams. 

但在被动语态句里带to，如： 

He was seen to smoke here. 

He was found to steal in the shop.  

3.有些动词如：permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider 后接不定式作宾补，接动名词作宾语，即V  +  sb to do sth  &  V + doing sth，如：  

The doctor advised me not to go to bed toolate. 建议 

Please permit me to introduce myself to you first．允许 

You surely can't consider him to be a selfish man．认为 

My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night．禁止  

I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes. 让 

advise／permit／allow／admit／forbid／consider doing sth. 

The little boy admitted having  broken the glass.承认 

They shouldn't allow parking in the street it's too narrow.允许 

I forbid smoking in my house．禁止  

We do not permit smoking in the office．允许

E、作定语  

1.用不定式作定语的几种情况： 

A.不定式表将来：     

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.  

B.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all,any 等限定的中心词。如：   

He was the best man to dothe job. 

He was always the first to come and the last to leave.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. 

C.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply,attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：   

Do you have the ability to read and writeEnglish ? 

I have a chance to go sight –seeing. 

2.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：  

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with. 

I need a piece of paper to write on. 

我需要一张写字用的纸。

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：

He had no money and no place to live (in). 

We found a way to solve this problem(in).  

2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：  

Have you anything to send ? 

你有什么东西要寄吗？---->不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你” 。

Have you anything to be sent ? 

你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？ 

F、作状语   

1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：    

I study hard to improve myEnglish. 

A group of young people got together to(in order to/so as to) discuss this question.

so as to do一般不置于句首，还可以引导结果状语从句。

2)原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+todo...”结构句中。如：  

I feel very lucky to havethe gift. 

He had run out of money to buy old bikes.  

3)结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enoughto...”结构句中。如：    

Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do? 

The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.  

G、不定式主动表被动  

1.在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。 

have（give, show,find ）sth. to do  

在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。  例如: 

I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. 

to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:  

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 

今天下午你有事要做吗? ---->to do是由you发出的。

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 

你有要带给你父母的东西吗? ---->谁带不得而知。

Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。

2.It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do  

在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如: 

This is a difficult question to answer. 

这是个难答的问题。----> question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。

再如:  It is an easy sentence to translate. 

这个句子很容易翻译。 

3.There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do  在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。  例如:

没有时间可以耽误。

可译成:There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁 lost time不明确。  

但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:

a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ）

现在没事干。

b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ）

现在没办法了。

a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）

没有东西值得看。

b.There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）

看不见什么东西。

4.在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有: 

n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do  

The job is very easy to do. 

这工作很容易做。

n. ＋be＋too＋adj. ＋to do  

The thing is too small to see. 

这东西太小看不见。

n. ＋be ＋adj. ＋enough to do  

The book is cheap enough to buy. 

这本书很便宜可以买。

5.某些动词, 如to let, toblame （责备）, to seek（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。例如:  

The house is to let. 

这房子要出租。

Whois to blame for it? 

这得怪谁?  

The reason is not far to seek. 

这理由不难找到。