分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点，在句子中可以作状语，表语，宾补，定语等，用途非常广泛，分为现在分词和过去分词两种，是一种非谓语动词形式，分词可以有自己的状语，宾语，逻辑主语。现在分词（present participle）（又称-ing形式，现在进行时），是分词的一种，在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语，状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作。
现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致，但有时现在分词的主语与其所在句中的主语并不一致，这种现在分词即所谓的垂悬现在分词。垂悬现在分词容易使句意模糊，甚至造成歧义，因而通常被认为是不合规范或错误的用法，例如：Walking or sleeping，this subject was always in my mind.---->walking or sleeping 的逻辑主语是句中的myWalking or sleeping, I was always thinking of the subject.
Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.a developing country 一个发展中的国家a developed country 一个发达国家the exploiting class 剥削阶级the exploited class 被剥削阶级
时态和语态否定式：not + doing
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 | | 一般式 | doing | been done | | 完成式 | having done | having been done |
一般式：通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如：She sat there reading a novel.A little child learning to walk often falls.被动式：现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。The building being built is our library.The question being discussed is of great importance.Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.Having been told many times , he still did not know how to do it.完成式：现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.1、作定语 现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征，此时可换成相应的定语从句。There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.There was a terrible noise which is following the sudden burst of light.He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.He saw a bird that is flying and raised his bow.I was satisfied with the exciting speech.I was satisfied with the speech which is exciting.2、作补语 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补：A、感官动词：see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，listen to，look at，例如：Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.He could hear a dog barking.And then we heard the bells ringing out. She watched the kids playing in the yard.Chris watched him sipping his brandy.He felt a hand touching his shoulder.She felt something being pressed into her hands. I didn't notice him leaving.Mrs Shedden noticed a bird sitting on the garage roof. They observed him entering the bank.Our sniper teams observed them manning an anti-aircraft gun. Listen to those girls jabbering away! She is listening to someone singing.Oh, look at that dog barking! He's so cute. B、使役动词：have，get，catch，leave，setWe have orders coming in from all over the world.
We can't have people arriving late all the time.Can you really get that old car going again? I caught her smoking in the bathroom.He caught a youth breaking into a car Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.Her remarks set me thinking.A、分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如 excite、interest 等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”，“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”和“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...， 若人/ 物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb/sth is interesting。这类词常见的有：interesting 使人感到高兴 —— interested 感到高兴的The job is interesting, but it doesn't pay a living wage. I'm very interested in history.
exciting 令人激动的 —— excited 感到激动的The race itself is very exciting. The children were excited about opening their presents.disappointing 令人失望的 —— disappointed 感到失望的The wine was excellent, but the food was disappointing.They were bitterly disappointed at the result of the game.encouraging 令人鼓舞的 —— encouraged 感到鼓舞的There are encouraging signs of an artistic revival.We were very encouraged, after over 17,000 pictures were submitted.pleasing 令人愉快的 —— pleased 感到愉快的The new building was pleasing to the eye .She was very pleased with her exam results.puzzling 令人费解的 —— puzzled 感到费解的This whole business is very puzzling. He looked puzzled so I repeated the question.satisfying 令人满意的 —— satisfied 感到满意的It's satisfying to play a game really well.
She's never satisfied with what she's got.B、分词作表语时，相当于形容词，不可与构成进行时态和被动 语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式是一样但可以从意义上予 以区别。The film is moving.---->表明主语film的性质They are moving next Sunday.---->现在进行时，表示动作Walking in the street, I saw him.Working hard, you will succeed.Being ill, she stayed at home. Having failed many times, he didn't lost heart. His friend died, getting him a lot of money.Please answer the question using another way. Look at the people lying on the beach.The warmer a place is, generally speaking, the more types of plants and animals it will usually support. 一般而言，一个地方越暖和，能生存的动植物种类通常也就越多。Judging from his tone, there's no doubt he is against it.
|
