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庞培古城真是两千年前的古城?

 国学SH72 2020-08-22

庞贝古城之可疑

作者:覃仕勇讲史

我感到意大利的庞贝古城非常可能是后人造假。

庞贝古城被评为“世界十大古代稀世珍宝之一”,并被联合国教科文组织定为世界文化和自然遗产,这都是些非常权威的机构评选出来的,按理说,造假的可能性比较小。

但有些东西,现在还没法解释清楚,疑点重重。

按照官方的说法,庞贝城早在公元前6世纪就出现,经过几百年建设,到了公元79年毁于维苏威火山爆发喷射出的熔岩和火山灰。

但是,庞贝古城,地面毫无岩浆痕迹。而且,如果是岩浆所致,就必须有火山。我查阅过,离庞贝古城最近的火山,岩浆也要至少6天才能到达庞培。从哪里飞来的铺天盖地火山灰可以瞬间死灭一个城市——竟然从里到外从头到尾没有一个活人能够逃脱出来报个信?

此外,古城里出土的东西,包括建设、设施、绘画、雕塑,都是欧洲十七、十八世纪的水平和风格,说成是公元一世纪的东西,差了一千六百多年,解释不通啊。

试想想,若欧洲在两千年前的文化水平就如庞贝古城如展现出来的,那么,岂不是从公元一世纪到公元十七、十八世纪这一千多年的时间内,欧洲的文化都停止发展了?否则为什么公元一世纪的东西风格与公元十七、十八世纪的东西风格何以如此相接近?

还有,庞贝古城的文化在两千年前既然这么先进、发达,那么欧洲其他地方的文化也应该与之等同,但是,放眼全欧洲,也只得一座庞贝古城作为孤证,不合逻辑呀。

庞贝古城有多先进、多发达呢?

整座城市规划非常科学,街道宽阔笔直,有高耸的大理石柱,也有喷泉,甚至还有自来水,冲水厕所等等。

而且,许许多多房间的墙上都绘壁画,地板上装饰镶嵌画,张张栩栩如生,就连在地下出土的油画,不但颜色没有发生任何变化,连画布都没有半点霉变的迹象,张张鲜艳如新。

比较一下,与之同期的我国秦兵马俑,原本都是有颜色的,一出土,马上褪色。

还有,明定陵出土衣冠、丝绸,一出土接触空气,就迅速氧化,十分钟不到的时间,就化成灰炽。

我真想问,庞贝古城那些,真的是“古”画吗?

欧洲在公元1世纪就有油画创作了?

而且,那些画的光影分布透视原理、大小比例、空间立体,等等,都是很现代的东西。

比较一下我们中国古代的绘画,到了明清朝,人物写生还头大脚小,人物五官千篇一律,是我们的真历史应该感到羞愧呢?还是他们的假文物感到可耻呢?

再说庞贝古城那些大理石雕塑,其对解剖学的研究、对人体的结构,分明是近代医学解剖学水平,直接可以把秦兵马俑、汉墓陶俑、霍去病墓前的石马等雕塑按在地上摩擦再摩擦。

所以,我一直纳闷,是不是庞贝古城的年代断错了?它的确是文物,但它的存在年份,不是公元一世纪,而应该是公元十七、八世纪吧?

【补论】

我去年参观了庞培古城。有人说古庞贝古城多么多么先进。其实真相很骨感。

庞贝古城有什么?连纸张都没有,当时人们甚至没有像样的衣服,不可能有丝绸之类的东西。

直到18世纪,欧洲人以不洗澡闻名于世,又骚又臭,所以需要浑身喷洒人造液体就是香水,掩盖异味。这就是先进?

欧洲人是非常善于造假的,庞贝古城,有很多的东西都是西方中心论者伪造的。

一个两万多人的小镇,有效劳动力最多五千,不要说其它的,那32根高大粗壮的大理石柱子,在青铜器时代想把它造出来需要多少人工?可能吗?

在古代移动它也是不易的。一根柱子不得弄个上百年?难道庞贝人都不吃不喝了,光弄这些事儿了?!

石头建造的城市,一般是毁不掉的,它不像是中国的古建筑,都是木制的,一把火就烧掉了,时间长也会腐朽风化掉。

除了庞贝古城,在整个欧洲,特别意大利半岛应当遍地都有这样的城镇遗迹,而且一个比一个发达。

可是很遗憾,除了庞贝古城,在欧洲还看得到多少这样的城镇?你能找出几处?庞贝古城里的东西,都是欧洲十七世纪——十九世纪的风格。

特别令人不解的是,火山灰一夜之间就埋掉一个城镇,这怎么可能?

火山灰不是洪水,可以吞没一个村庄或城市,就是大洪水也会有人能逃出来的。

如果是大地震,那32根柱子为什么没有倒掉,很多建筑物为什么没有倒掉?

落下来的火山灰人们就发现不了,就不知道逃命?

这个政治经济文化繁荣的中心,被火山会瞬间埋掉,而且竟然人们就会忘掉它,就不知道这里还有个城市,历史书上也不见任何记载?为什么欧洲历史书上没有任何曾经有个庞贝古城的记载?以至于只能等一个农民刨地时偶然发现?

如果真是这样,可见欧洲实际上蔽塞落后到什么程度了!

在现代,很多人走在正喷发的火山口探过险,并用摄像机拍下火山喷发的场景,火山灰都是慢慢散落下来的。绝对没有火山灰尘瞬间就铺天盖地活埋几万人的可能性。

倒是熔岩很厉害,流到哪里哪里就是一片火海。可是庞贝古城却没有任何火山熔岩的痕迹。

欧洲人是非常善于造假的。就这一个造假,不知道带来多少旅游业的经济利益。

当然,造假的根本目的是为了证明罗马帝国的存在感而已。

 

下文是英国剑桥大学女历史学家Mary Beard的疑问:

“庞贝城不是那么古老的罗马遗迹”

Pompeiis not-so-ancient Roman remains

   

Is Pompeii an ancient or a modern wonder? Itsruins have been rebuilt and the bodies of the volcano""""s victimsare plaster casts, says classical historian Mary Beard.

    Last weekend I spenta couple of hours with the remains of one of the human victims ofthe eruption of Vesuvius in AD79.

   上周末,我花了几个小时,去参观了公元前76年 Vesuvius火山爆发后的一个“人类牺牲品”。

    The corpse isapparently well preserved: a young woman, lying face down,shielding her face with her hands at the moment of death. Her dresshas risen up and is tangled around her waist, her bare legs exposedbeneath.

   这具尸体被很好地保存下来:一位年轻妇女,脸部朝下,在死亡的那一刻,用自己的手掩盖住自己的脸部。她的裙子被火山灰吹翻了起来,缠绕在她的腰间,暴露出了裙子下裸露的双腿(窥阴癖的最爱)。

    She is currently ondisplay at the J Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, as the first exhibitin a show that explores the ways that modern artists - fromFrancesco Piranesi to Anthony Gormley - have responded tohistory""""s most famous volcanic eruption. "Welcome to Pompeii,"she is meant to say. "The city of the dead".

    这具尸体是正在MALIBU的 Getty博物馆展览的庞贝城展品。

   作为现代艺术,她展示了现代艺术家们,从Francesco Piranesi时代 到 Anthony Gormley时代,对人类历史上最著名火山爆发,这一人类罕见灾难,的艺术回应方式。

   “欢迎到死亡之城----庞贝来”,这具古尸似乎在说。

    Volcanic materialcovered the bodies, setting hard and solid around them, and as theflesh, internal organs and clothing gradually decomposed, a voidwas left”

   火山灰覆盖围绕着尸体硬化,尸体上的血肉、器官、衣服渐渐腐烂,会只留下一个空腔。

    I was curious tofind out what visitors to the exhibition made of her. So I lurkedand listened.

   我很好奇这具尸体展览能够吸引些什么样的观众前来,所以,我呆在一旁、侧耳倾听。

    The kids were themost forthcoming. Many of them rushed up to her, then uttered somevariant of "Oooh, uggh! Is that a real Roman?" Their mums and dadstended to improvise one of two fairly predictableresponses:

   在前来的观众中大多是些孩子,他们冲向这具尸体,提出几乎一样的问题:

   “哦,它是真正的古罗马人吗?”

   孩子们的父母也只有两个近似的回答:

    "Yes dear, it is,but don""""t worry - she died a very long time ago"

    or "No, don""""t besilly, it""""s just a model"

    In an odd way, boththose answers turn out to be right.

   “是的,孩子,它是古罗马人,但不要担心,她已经死了很久了”

   “不,傻孩子,它只是一个模型而已”

   以一种奇怪的方式,这两个回答放在一起,原来就是那样正确。

    Ghoulish as theyare, for most of us (me included), these bodies are always one ofthe highlights of any display of the discoveries from Pompeii (anda group of them will be starring in an upcoming exhibition at theBritish Museum). They number in the hundreds altogether, each one acasualty of the eruption.

   原来我们都有噬尸癖(常伴有窥阴癖),在展出的庞贝城发现物中,大多数观众居然都非常喜欢关注这些尸体。它们有上百具,每具尸体都是火山喷发的牺牲品。

    And they are notjust human victims either. One of the most famous is the remains ofa dog, still tied up, straining at its leash, in a futile attemptto make a run for it.

   这些尸体也不光只是人类的,还有一只最著名的狗的:在死亡瞬间,它依旧被拴在皮带上,保持一种曾尝试逃离无效的姿态。

   

    A 19th Century castof a dog killed in the eruption

   19世纪,狗的石膏浇铸品

    The truth is,though, that they are not actually bodies at all. They are theproduct of a clever bit of archaeological ingenuity, going back tothe 1860s.

   然而,事实上,它们根本就不是什么古尸,

   而是1860年代考古史上,一点点别出心裁的人造产物。

    The early excavatorshad noticed, as they dug through the volcanic debris that coveredPompeii, a series of distinctive cavities in the lava, sometimescontaining human bones.

   早期的考古挖掘者说,当他们在覆盖着庞贝城的火山灰中挖掘时,

   在熔浆中有些奇怪的腔洞,有时里面会发现人骨。

    The reason for thatsoon became clear. The material from the volcano had covered thebodies of the dead, setting hard and solid around them. As theflesh, internal organs and clothing gradually decomposed, a voidwas left - which was an exact negative imprint of the shape of thecorpse at the point of death.

   人们很快找到原因:火山灰覆盖着尸体,在它们周围硬化,

   内部的血肉器官衣物腐烂,就形成了跟尸体结构吻合的腔洞.

   这些腔洞是些非常好的浇铸模具,能够复原死者在死亡地点的尸体姿势。

    It wasn""""t longbefore one bright spark saw that if you poured plaster of Parisinto that void, you got a plaster cast that was an exact replica ofthe body, but only a replica - more an "anti-body" than a realbody.

   在很久之前,人们就知道在腔洞中浇铸石膏,

   得到的形状将是尸体的复制品,或者称之“反尸体”。

    And not just that -once the cast had been made, it could be used in turn to make moreand more copies of the same person, rather like post-mortemcloning.

   不仅这样,一旦得到一个浇铸品,

   将可得到更多尸体复制品,简直就是尸体克隆。

   

    Concrete casts ofthe volcano""""s victims in Pompeii Museum, 1866

   庞贝博物馆中众多的水泥浇铸物(复制品)

    In fact, at the verymoment that one version of the young woman is greeting visitors tothe Getty Museum in Malibu, an identical version has pride of placein another Pompeii exhibition in Denver, Colorado - different castsand recasts of the same void made by the same dead human being2,000 years ago (and 5,000 miles away).

   事实上,上面提到的那具正在“向访问者问候”的年轻女尸,

   在DENVER的展览会上还有一具复制品,

   用同一个2000年前形成的尸体空腔,

   复制出来的不同浇铸物。

    Bodies oranti-bodies, the re-creation of these ancient Romans in plastercaused a tremendous stir when it was first done in the mid-19thCentury.

    尸体,反尸体,

   这样用石膏铸造出来的古罗马创新物,

   在19世纪出现时,导致了人们的巨大振奋(让人们相信自己是古罗马人后代,曾经有着非常令人神往的生活)。

    Family groups seemedto be brought back almost to life. Only the hardest of heartsremained unmoved at the sight of these doomed plaster peopleclinging to each other as catastrophe approached, mothers cradlingtheir children, husbands embracing wives.

   在火山灰中死亡的一个个家庭,看起来似乎被带回了人间。

   在这些灾难中命中注定、难逃一劫、消失家族的死亡现场,

   只有那些铁石心肠的人,才会不为之一动:

   那些灾难降临时,带着期望相互爬向对方的人们

   那些保护自己孩子的母亲,

   那些拥抱自己妻子的丈夫。

   

    The clothes theywere wearing also came as a shock. It was still generally believedin the 1860s that ancient Roman dress had been a skimpy affair, notmerely suitable for warm Mediterranean climes, but flirtatiouslyflimsy and revealing too.

   但这些古尸的衣着让人吃惊。直到1860年代,人们仍然相信古罗马人的穿着短小、暴露、轻浮淫荡,比较适合地中海的温暖天气。

    That idea fadedalmost instantly when the casts revealed that the victims wereheavily clad, wrapped in cloaks and thick dresses, heads coveredand some of them even in trousers. (Although I have never quiteunderstood why those 19th Century historians were so certain thatthe garments people chose to wear in the middle of a volcaniceruption were a good guide to their usual day-to-dayattire.)

   石膏雕塑穿的衣服,跟人们相信的古罗马装束不太一致------穿的太多了,不符合古罗马短小、暴露、轻浮淫荡的服装特征。我一直不太明白,为什么19世纪的历史学家会相信,为这些在火山爆发中的人们选择这样的着装,更能够体现出他们当时的日常生活。

   [img]http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/large/6b800ecegw1fbd73o7tqqj208g04rq34.jpg[/img]

   古罗马人穿的衣服是这样的,但庞贝人穿的衣服中,还有裤子。

    Up Pompeii! - TVsitcom (1969-70) starring Frankie Howerd (pictured) as put-uponslave Lurcio 一个现代电视剧,描述古罗马人生活的穿着裤子的庞贝人

   [img]http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/large/6b800ecegw1fbd746yoxxj20cw079mxr.jpg[/img]

    But there are muchwider issues at play than ancient Roman dress sense.

   但除了庞贝城古罗马人的衣着问题,还有很多方向都值得探讨。

    For a start, thesestrangely ambivalent objects bring us face to face with our ownvoyeurism. Why does it seem OK for us to gawp at these disastervictims, when it would be decidedly not OK to gawp at the deathagonies of victims of a modern train crash or terrorattack?

   在开始,这些矛盾事物让我们与自己的窥阴癖面面相觑。为什么我们在看到这些灾难牺牲者时,会觉得一切都无所谓,而在看到今天的火车相撞事故或者恐怖袭击时却觉得有所谓呢?

    Is it because, assome parents at the Getty suggested to their kids, they are just soancient that they don""""t matter to us in the same way? As if inbecoming archaeological specimens they lost their right to humanprivacy? Or is it the simple fact that these are not Roman bodiesthat gives us licence to peer?

   就像在GETTY博物馆遇到的父母跟孩子想的一样,只是因为这些牺牲者对我们来说太古老了吗?它们在成为考古学家的样品后,就不再享有人类的隐私权?或者简单地,就是因为它们根本就不是什么罗马古尸,才给我们去窥探的权利呢?

    Surely, we don""""timagine that a lump of 19th Century plaster poured into a void inthe lava has any "right to privacy" - still less (as in the Gettyexample) a 20th Century copy of a 19th Century lump of plaster. Asthe other parents had it, they""""re "just models".

   当然,我们不会认为,一堆19世纪在火山灰腔洞中打造的石膏浇铸,应该有任何隐私权,在20世纪对19世纪浇铸的复制品,当然更没什么隐私权了。

    For me, though,these plaster victims prompt other thoughts too - about the city ofPompeii as a whole, and what it stands for. Partly that""""sbecause they are so eloquently trapped in that no man""""s landbetween the living and the dead, captured at the very moment whenthey lost their struggle against the fumes and lava.

   对我而言,这些石膏做出的“牺牲品”还诱发出了些其他想法:关于这个城市,整体地看,它究竟代表的是什么,有什么意义?有这样的疑问,部分是因为,它们以一种富于雄辩的方式,矗立于那个没有人的位置-----在生与死之间,在那个他们停止与烟雾及熔岩停止对抗的瞬间。

    Which is a bit likethe city too. Is it really a vast tomb? Or is Pompeii a place wherewe can go to step back in time into the lives of the ancientRomans?

   还有跟这个城市稍微像一点的其他城市吗?它真的是一个大坟墓?或者,庞贝城只是一个能够带我们回到过去,走入古罗马人生活的地方?

    When they""""re notin disaster-movie mode, modern visitors like to think of its livingside, with Roman bread still in the Roman oven and the trundlingRoman carts - or the seedy encounters in the Roman brothel - only aglimpse away. Not so tourists 200 years ago, who found it the idealplace to reflect on their own mortality.

   若不是因为这座城市是用一种“灾难电影”来定义模式,现代人访问庞贝城时会更多思考,古罗马人活着时的场景:罗马烤炉里的罗马面包,隆隆前进的罗马马车,在罗马妓院里的肮脏聚会...不过200年前的游客到这里来时,却没有这样的感觉,相反,他们发现这里是思考死亡的最佳地点。

    It was the novelistSir Walter Scott, visiting the site shortly before his death, whofirst described Pompeii as the "city of the dead" - words hemuttered constantly as he was carried round the excavations in asedan chair.

    “死亡之城”是小说家 WalterScott第一个提出来的,不过他在访问庞贝之后不久就死掉了。他是被人用轿子抬着到挖掘地点转过后,就时不时重复这样叫法的。(这是否在提示庞贝古城故事打造过程中的一些事件呢?----为什么在被抬着去访问古城后不久,这个小说家就莫名死掉了?他不愿意参与历史学家们打造庞贝故事的合作吗?)

    But more thananything, it""""s the combination of the ancient and the modern -the 19th Century plaster combined with the fleeting traces of thosereal dead Romans - that stands so well for Pompeiiitself.

   没有比这更合适的含义了,庞贝城代表的应该是一个现代与古代的组合体,那些19世纪的石膏与那些稍纵即逝得罗马古尸痕迹的组合体,这对庞贝城本身是那样贴切。

    Of course,there""""s no question that it is the best-preserved ancient townanywhere in the world, one of the very few places in the worldwhere you can actually walk the Roman streets. But an awful lot ofwhat you see there was built - or rebuilt - in the 20thCentury.

   当然咯,毫无疑问,庞贝城是全世界保护最好的古城,今天没有几个城市能够让你走能在古罗马的街道上。但这里你所见到的,只是在20世纪建造或者重建的。

    Keen as they were toreflect on the transience of human existence, early visitors to thesite were often decidedly disappointed with the place. It was,frankly, a wreck.

   早期到庞贝城的访问者都非常失望,坦率地说,它过去就是一堆垃圾堆般的废墟。

    It looked, as onedisgruntled tourist observed, as if it had been destroyed in enemyaction. Well, of course it looked like that. It had been devastatedby a violent volcanic eruption.

   一位忿忿不满的游客说,庞贝城看起来就像是在与敌人的战斗中摧毁了那样。当然,它当然看起来像那样,它过去是被狂怒的火山摧毁的。

    It wasn""""t untilthe houses began to be rebuilt and reroofed around 1900 thatPompeii became something like the ancient city we now visit -until, that is, the site was heavily bombarded by the Allies inWorld War II (in what really was enemy action, with more than 160bombs dropped on the place). Parts of what we now see are a rebuildof a rebuild.

   直到1900年左右被重建后,庞贝城才有点我们现在访问时能够感受到的古城味道的。在二战时候,它还被联军轰炸过,有160颗炸弹打在这个地方,今天我们看到的是在重建基础上的重建。

   (编者注:庞贝古城不可信的铁证)

    I""""m not accusinganyone of "faking it". My point is that our Pompeii - like mostclassical sites, in fact - is the product of collaboration betweenmodern rebuilders and conservators, and the original Roman buildersthemselves, with the lion""""s share of the work on ourside.

   我并没有指责任何“造假”.我的观点只是说,我们的庞贝城,如同欧洲许多其他“经典的古迹”一样,事实上,只是一种现代建筑家与保守派之间的合作,还有与原生古罗马建筑家之间的合作,不过我们现代的创作占了最大的那部分。(编者注:从希腊到埃及,西方人伪造虚假的历史是公开的秘密)。

    And it""""s no lessimpressive or moving for that - as the body casts help toshow.

   在庞贝城里,没有其他东西比石膏浇铸出来的尸体更让人印象深刻、激动人心的了。

    One of the videoclips played in the exhibition at the Getty Museum comes fromRoberto Rossellini""""s film, Voyage in Italy, in which the leadcouple, played by Ingrid Bergman and George Sanders, tour thecountry as their marriage disintegrates.

    在GETTY博物馆中,播放着一段视频,是Roberto Rossellini导演的《意大利之旅》,由伯格曼跟桑德斯主演。

    On their visit toPompeii they watch the plaster being poured into a cavity left bytwo of the victims. In the movie""""s most haunting scene, thesevictims emerge as a couple tenderly embracing in their finalmoments - and a silent indictment of the hollowness of therelationship between Bergman and Sanders.

   电影中,他们两是一对关系冷淡的夫妻,在路过庞贝城时,他们看到了石膏浇入火山灰腔洞的过程。这是剧情的高潮,打开被浇铸火山灰后,人们发现了一对在生命的最后瞬间,温柔地拥抱在一起的一对恋人------这简直是对伯格曼跟桑德斯现实关系的控诉!

    It might only bemodern plaster poured into an ancient hole, but it still hasemotional power, as the kids and their parents were finding, intheir own ways, last weekend.

   虽然,这些些石膏注入的并不是古代的火山灰腔洞,但这样的场景依然那样富有情感动力,就像上个周末在,那些找到情感动力到博物馆去参观的父母跟小孩们一样。

    EdwardBulwer-Lytton""""s bestselling 1834 novel The Last Days of Pompeiireflects 19th Century fascination with supposed decadence ofancient Rome

   爱德华最叫卖的小说:庞贝城的最后一天(1834年)

   反应了19世纪的人们激动不已,因为自己被设想为古罗马人后代(编者注:欧洲人就这样悲催的“找爹”。)

    Dr Who: The Fires ofPompeii (2008) - sci-fi show reveals that explosion was caused byaliens called Pyroviles living under Vesuvius

【鬼话连篇的发现故事】

“发现庞贝城”的故事有两个版本

​1.1599年,因开辟地下水道欲引沙诺河水时发现了有雕刻的古墙,建筑师多梅尼科·丰塔纳被召来研究,因而首次披露出部份的庞贝遗迹,但一直到150多年后,人们才真正开始挖掘这座古城。

​据说,这个建筑师发现庞贝时挖出了一些色情的壁画,当时的宗教观念对这些色情艺术的控制非常严,因此他又悄悄地将它们掩盖了。

虽然这个传说至今为止并未完全被证明,但后来的挖掘者的确报告说他们有时发现有的地方是被挖开过后来又被填上了。

​2.公元1748年春天,一名叫安得列的农民在深挖自己的葡萄园,他高举锄头“哐啷”一声,好像掘到了一块巨石,但怎么使劲也拔不出锄头。他连忙喊弟弟、弟媳帮忙。众人扒开泥土和石块,发现锄头穿透了一个金属柜子,于是大家七手八脚把柜子挖出来,打开一看,里面竟是一大堆熔化、半熔化的金银首饰及古钱币。

消息传开,在这片土地上种植葡萄的农民突然想起祖辈相传的关于庞贝古城失踪的传说,于是盗宝者蜂拥而至,而后也引来一批历史学家与考古专家来这里考古。后来意大利政府根据专家们建议,于1876年开始组织科学家进行有序发掘庞贝古城遗址。

经过百余年七八代专家的持续工作以及数千名工作人员的辛勤维护,终于将庞贝古城这一惊心动魄的一幕真实地再现于世人面前。

​看了这位英国史学家的文章后,你会明白,这两个版本在向我们提示庞贝城仿古建筑的打造时间长短,居然有数百年。西方人为了让十字军历史正义化,伪造自己历史太多了。​

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