分享

精确制导,打击转移性乳腺癌

 SIBCS 2020-08-27


  与传统的抗癌药物相比,纳米药物有许多明显的优势,比如半衰期和滞留时间长、靶向效率高、副作用较小。不过,纳米药物难以穿透血管屏障进入转移瘤。

  2016年6月29日,美国科学促进会(AAAS)官方期刊《科学·转化医学》发表美国纪念斯隆·凯特琳癌症中心(纽约肿瘤医院)、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院、布兰代斯大学、威尔·康奈尔医学院、约翰斯·霍普金斯大学、以色列内盖夫本-古里安大学的研究报告解决了这个问题,展示了将纳米药物送入转移瘤的有效途径。

  该研究用放疗攻击肿瘤,促发其表达一种分子,接着用装载药物的纳米颗粒来攻击该分子。其目标是更有效地将化疗药物输送至转移性肿瘤。这种放疗制导的纳米颗粒可能提供了一种新的方法,能穿透血管屏障,而后者常常阻止了目前的纳米药物到达转移性肿瘤部位。

  随着癌症的发展,为了能扩散至远处器官,血流中的癌细胞会离开实体瘤进入血液循环,结合被称作P-选凝素的血管壁黏附分子,由此转移到机体的其他部位。在许多癌症中,癌细胞扩散才是最致命的威胁。

  与正常组织不同,乳腺癌等人类癌症会在肿瘤细胞上及在周围血管上过度表达P-选凝素。为了将这种分子开拓成治疗标靶,该研究设计了纳米颗粒药物载体,由褐藻糖胶组成。褐藻糖胶是源自海藻的化合物,能与P-选凝素自然结合。在乳腺癌等肿瘤的小鼠模型中,都表达有P-选凝素。在表达P-选凝素的原发瘤和转移瘤模型中,这种褐藻糖胶载药纳米颗粒能够选择性地将化疗药物特异性送入肿瘤。与游离态药物或非褐藻糖胶制成的载药纳米颗粒相比,岩藻聚糖制成的纳米颗粒可以显著提高化疗药物的肿瘤抑制效果,这些纳米颗粒增进了肿瘤体积的缩小并改善了总体生存率。

  对于那些不表达P-选凝素的肿瘤,可以先通过放疗促使肿瘤表达P-选凝素,再用纳米颗粒递送化疗药物导引至肿瘤部位。纳米药物治疗与放疗相结合,可以有效抑制不表达P-选凝素的肿瘤,达到更好的抗癌效果,有效地缩减了小鼠中缺乏P-选凝素表达的肿瘤体积。

  因此,肿瘤微环境中的P-选凝素是递送纳米药物的理想靶标。

  在一同期述评中,以色列特拉维夫大学的科学家讨论了将纳米疗法用于临床的希望和挑战。放疗制导的纳米颗粒或提供了一种新型工具,能将药物输送至几乎任何肿瘤,但还需要进一步研发,解决放疗带来的问题,因为它是一把双刃剑:既可以触发P-选凝素表达,也有可能不经意地促使癌症的扩散。

Sci Transl Med. 2016 Jun 29;8(345):345ra87.

P-selectin is a nanotherapeutic delivery target in the tumor microenvironment.

Shamay Y, Elkabets M, Li H, Shah J, Brook S, Wang F, Adler K6, Baut E, Scaltriti M, Jena PV, Gardner EE, Poirier JT, Rudin CM, Baselga J, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Heller DA.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Disseminated tumors are poorly accessible to nanoscale drug delivery systems because of the vascular barrier, which attenuates extravasation at the tumor site. We investigated P-selectin, a molecule expressed on activated vasculature that facilitates metastasis by arresting tumor cells at the endothelium, for its potential to target metastases by arresting nanomedicines at the tumor endothelium. We found that P-selectin is expressed on cancer cells in many human tumors. To develop a targeted drug delivery platform, we used a fucosylated polysaccharide with nanomolar affinity to P-selectin. The nanoparticles targeted the tumor microenvironment to localize chemotherapeutics and a targeted MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor at tumor sites in both primary and metastatic models, resulting in superior antitumor efficacy. In tumors devoid of P-selectin, we found that ionizing radiation guided the nanoparticles to the disease site by inducing P-selectin expression. Radiation concomitantly produced an abscopal-like phenomenon wherein P-selectin appeared in unirradiated tumor vasculature, suggesting a potential strategy to target disparate drug classes to almost any tumor.

PMID: 27358497

DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf7374


Sci Transl Med. 2016 Jun 29;8(345):345fs11.

Zooming in on selectins in cancer.

Kedmi R, Peer D.

Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Selectins are involved in leukocyte and cancer cell trafficking, which can be targeted with drugs and nanoparticles (Shamay et al., this issue).

PMID: 27358495

DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1802

    转藏 分享 献花(0

    0条评论

    发表

    请遵守用户 评论公约

    类似文章 更多