【原】音乐是如何影响你的大脑的？英语读头条（第515期）

HOW DOES MUSIC AFFECT YOUR BRAIN? EVERY IMAGINABLE WAY

音乐是如何影响你的大脑的？各种可以想见的方式

By Peter Rubin / Mar. 16, 2019 

WAKING UP. WORKING out. Riding the bus. Music is an ever-present companion for many of us, and its impact is undeniable. You know music makes you move and triggers emotional responses, but how and why? What changes when you play music, rather than simply listen? In the latest episode of Tech Effects, we tried to find out. Our first stop was USC's Brain & Creativity Institute, where I headed into the fMRI to see how my brain responded to musical cues—and how my body did, too. (If you're someone who experiences frisson, that spine-tingling, hair-raising reaction to music, you know what I'm talking about.) We also talked to researchers who have studied how learning to play music can help kids become better problem-solvers, and to author Dan Levitin, who helped break down how the entire brain gets involved when you hear music.

起床。健身。坐公共汽车。音乐是我们许多人永不离弃的伴侣，它的影响力是不可否认的。你知道音乐会让你感动并引发情感反应，但为什么呢？当你演奏音乐而不是简单地听音乐时，会有什么变化？在最新一期的科技特效中，我们试图找出答案。我们的第一站是南加州大学的大脑与创造力研究所，在那里我进入功能磁共振成像，看看我的大脑对音乐信号的反应，以及我的身体是如何反应的。（如果你是一个经历过因激动而颤抖、百感交集、音乐让你起鸡皮疙瘩的人，你知道我在说什么。）我们还和研究过如何学习演奏音乐能帮助孩子更好地解决问题的研究人员进行了交谈，以及作者丹·莱维汀（Dan Levitin），他帮助你分解并分析当你听到音乐时，整个大脑是如何参与进来的。

triggers：引发，触发

frisson：颤抖

spine-tingling：（电影或音乐）扣人心弦的，激动人心的

From there, we dove into music's potential as a therapeutic tool—something Gabrielle Giffords can attest to. When the onetime congresswoman was shot in 2011, her brain injuries led to aphasia, a neurological condition that affects speech. Through the use of treatments that include melodic intonation therapy, music helped retrain her brain's pathways to access language again. "I compare it to being in traffic," says music therapist Maegan Morrow, who worked with Giffords. "Music is basically like [taking a] feeder road to the new destination."

从那里，我们将音乐作为一种治疗工具，嘉贝丽·吉佛斯可以证明。当这位前国会议员在2011年被枪击时，她的大脑损伤导致了失语症，这是一种影响语言的神经疾病。通过使用包括旋律语调治疗在内的治疗方法，音乐帮助她重新调整大脑连接语言的途径。”“我把它比作交通堵塞，”音乐治疗师MaeganMorrow说，她曾为吉佛兹治疗。音乐基本上就像是走一条通往新目的地的支线。”

aphasia：失语症

But singing or playing something you know is different from composing on the fly. We also wanted to get to the bottom of improvisation and creativity, so we linked up with Xavier Dephrepaulezz—who you might know as two-time Grammy winner Fantastic Negrito. At UCSF, he went into an fMRI machine as well, though he brought a (plastic) keyboard so he could riff along and sing to a backing track. Neuroscientist Charles Limb, who studies musical creativity, helped take us through the results and explain why the prefrontal cortex shuts down during improvisation. "It's not just something that happens in clubs and jazz bars," he says. "It's actually maybe the most fundamental form of what it means to be human to come up with a new idea."

但是唱歌或演奏等一些你知道的东西和匆忙中做事是不同的。我们还想达到即兴创作和创造力的深处，所以我们联系了泽维尔·德弗瑞·波莱兹，你可能知道他是两次格莱美奖得主，Fantastic Negrito的作者。在加州大学旧金山分校，他也进入了功能磁共振机，可他带进去一个（塑料）键盘，这样他可以即兴演奏，并唱伴奏曲调。研究音乐创造力的神经科学家查尔斯·林姆帮助我们研究了这些结果，并解释了为什么在即兴创作中前额叶皮层会关闭。他说：“不仅仅是在夜总会和爵士酒吧才发生这样的事情。它实际上可能是人类提出新想法的最基本形式。”

improvisation：即兴创作

riff along：即兴演奏

prefrontal cortex：前额叶皮质

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