【原】达克效应，教你5分钟内，判断一个人并非想象得那么聪明。英语读头条（第525期）

新用户02986T3F 2020-09-17

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Here's How to Tell Within 5 Minutes If Someone Isn't As Smart As They Think

如何在5分钟内判断一个人并非他自己想象得那么聪明

By Jeff Haden︱APR 3, 2019

I ordered a turkey sandwich and asked for double meat. The guy behind me said, "You shouldn't eat meat." I turned and shrugged.

我点了一份火鸡肉三明治，要了双份肉。我身后的人说，“你不应该吃肉。”我转过身耸了耸肩。

"Seriously," he said, his voice getting louder. "Meat is bad for you."

“说真的，”他说，声音越来越大。"肉对你有害。”

"Maybe so," I said. "But I like meat."

"有可能，“我说。”但我爱吃肉。“

Evidently, that was not the right response. "A friend turned me on to a vegan diet," he said. "Only fools eat meat. Meat is terrible for you. There's not a single reason to eat meat. The science is irrefutable." Then he paused and moved closer, narrowing his eyes to stare intently into mine.

显然这不是正确的回答。”他说：“一个朋友把我变成了素食者。只有傻瓜才吃肉。肉对你来说很恐怖的。没有任何一个理由认为吃肉是好的。科学是无可辩驳的。”然后他停下来，走近了一点，眯起眼睛，直勾勾地盯着我的眼睛看。

irrefutable：确凿的，无可辩驳的

"It's changed my life," he said.

”这改变了我的生活，“他说。

"I'm not sure all meat is bad..." I said. "But that's really cool how being a vegan has worked out for you. How long have you been doing it?"

“我不确定所有的肉都是坏的……”我说。”但是作为一名素食者能解决你的问题真的很酷。这有多久了？”

"This is my second day," he said.

“这已经是我的第二天了”他说。

Ah.

啊。

The Dunning-Kruger Effect

达宁-克鲁格效应

Our interaction is a perfect example of the Dunning-Kruger Effect, a type of cognitive bias where people believe they're smarter and more skilled than they actually are. Combine a lack of self-awareness with low cognitive ability and boom: You overestimate your own intelligence and competence.

我们的互动是个一个完美的达宁-克鲁格效应的例子，这是一种认知偏见，人们认为他们比实际更聪明，更能干。把缺乏自知之明、且认知能力低下结合在一起，然后“嘭”的一下：你就过高的估计了自己的智力和能力。

As Dunning says, "If you're incompetent, you can't know you're incompetent... the skills you need to produce the right answer are the very same skills you need to recognize the right answer."

正如达宁所说，“如果你不称职，你就不能知道你不称职……找出正确答案所需的技能与识别正确答案所需的技能完全相同。”

As Bertrand Russell said, "One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision."

正如伯特兰·罗素所说，“我们这个时代最痛苦的事情之一就是，那些确认认为自己是正确的人是愚蠢的，那些有想象力和理解能力的人却对自己充满了怀疑和犹豫不决。”

indecision：优柔寡断，犹豫不决

Or as my grandfather said, "The dumber you are, the more you think you know."

或者就像我祖父说的，“越笨的人，却越觉得自己什么都知道。”

(On the flip side, people with high ability tend to underestimate how good they are. High-ability individuals tend to underrate their relative competence, and at the same time assume that tasks which are easy for them are just as easy for other people.)

（另一方面，能力较强的人却往往低估自己。高能力的人往往低估他们的相对能力，同时，认为对他们来说容易的事对于其他人来说也同样容易。）

On the flip side：另一方面

But I shouldn't be too hard on the gentleman who had just adopted a vegan diet. I once spent twenty minutes trying to convince a motorcycle mechanic my bike handled poorly because of issues like spring rate and steering head angle and frame height... only to learn out I had unknowingly turned my rear shock's rebound damping to its lowest setting.

但我不应该对刚刚转变为素食者的那位先生太苛刻。有一次我花了20分钟试图说服一个摩托车机修工我的自行车骑着不对劲儿，是因为弹簧的刚度，转向头角度和车架高度等问题…后来我才知道，我无意中把后减震器的回弹阻尼调到了最低。

rebound damping：回弹阻尼

Wildly overestimating my knowledge made me a D-K.

过分高估我的知识使我成了一个达克。

We all know people who do the same. They take a position and then proclaim and bluster and pontificate while totally disregarding differing opinions or points of view. They know they're right -- and they want you to know they're right.

我们都认识这样的人。他们选择一个立场，然后就宣称、夸口、自吹自擂，完全不顾不同的意见或观点。他们知道他们是对的，而且他们想让你知道他们是对的。

proclaim：宣告，声明

bluster：咆哮，夸口

pontificate：目空一切地议论

Their behavior isn't an indication of intelligence, though. It's the classic sign of a D-K.

不过，他们的行为并没有表明他们有智慧。这是达克的经典标志。

Wisdom Is Never Found in Certainty

在笃定当中是无法找到智慧的。

As Jeff Bezos says, "The smartest people are constantly revising their understanding, reconsidering a problem they thought they'd already solved. They're open to new points of view, new information, new ideas, contradictions, and challenges to their own way of thinking."

正如杰夫·贝佐斯所说，“最聪明的人会不断地修正他们的理解力，会重新考虑他们认为已经解决的问题。他们对自己的思维方式乐于接受新的观点、新的信息、新的想法、反驳和挑战。”

That's because wisdom isn't found in certainty. Wisdom is knowing that while you might know a lot... there's also a lot you don't know. Wisdom is trying to find out what is right rather than trying to be right. Wisdom is realizing when you're wrong, and backing down graciously.

那是因为智慧无法确定。智慧是，清楚自己虽然知道很多…但仍有很多自己不知道的。智慧是试图找出什么才是正确的，而不是努力成为正确的。当你错了，智慧就会意识到，并优雅地后退。

Don't be afraid to be wrong. Don't be afraid to admit you don't have all the answers. Don't be afraid to say "I think" instead of "I know."

不要害怕出错。不要害怕承认你没有所有的答案。不要害怕说“我认为”而不是“我知道”。

As Inc. colleague Jessica Stillman says, "Next time you're trying to determine if someone is actually super smart or simply bluffing, don't ask whether they're always right. Instead, ask when was the last time they changed their opinion. If they can't name lots of times they were wrong, they're probably not as smart as they want to appear."

正如Inc.公司的同事杰西卡·斯蒂尔曼所说，“下次当你试图确定某人是否真的是超级聪明或者只是虚张声势时，不要问他们是否总是对的。相反，问问他们最后一次改变自己的看法是什么时候。如果他们说不出他们犯过很多错，他们可能就没有表现出的那么聪明了。”

bluffing：吹牛，虚张声势

Which means they're probably a D-K.

就是说他们可能是达克。