【原】Metro English - 237 - Football 足球

新用户02986T3F 2020-09-17

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Most Favorite Sports - Football 足球

Hey, we all have to start somewhere. If you're new to the game and just want the basics on how its played, you're trying to understand what your kid is up to, or you want to know what you're watching on TV, we're here to help.

嘿，我们都得从某个地方开始。如果你对这项运动还不熟悉，只想了解运动的基本情况，你想了解你的孩子在做什么，或者你想知道你在电视上看什么，我们会帮你的。

The Basics of Soccer

The reason it's not normally called football here is to avoid confusion. Soccer, rugby, and American football all come from the same game. They're codes on how to play it. Even the national governing body of soccer in this country once had 'football' in its official name and 'soccer' was the common term in England prior to the 1970s.

这里通常不叫足球的原因是为了避免混乱。足球、英式橄榄球和美式足球都来自同一类比赛。它们如何进行都有各自的规范。甚至这个国家的国家足球管理机构也曾以官方的名义使用过“足球”（football)这个词，而“足球”(soccer)在20世纪70年代之前在英国也是一个通用的词。

Soccer Terms 足球术语

To get a quick grasp on how the game is played, it's worth considering A few basics. First off, unlike other sports where the rules change every season, soccer is very conservative. The rules of the game are called The Laws and can only be changed by a meeting of representatives from England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. That makes changes rare and the rules fairly straightforward. You can get a copy of the Laws of the Game from FIFA. What's FIFA? It's the international governing body for soccer that runs the World Cup. What's the World Cup? That's the biggest tournament in soccer that features 32 National Teams that qualify by region. We'll get to the specifics in a bit. For now, let's move onto the field.

为了快速掌握足球的玩法，有必要考虑掌握一些基础知识。首先，与其他每季规则都会变化的运动不同，足球非常保守。运动规则被称为律法，只有英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的代表开会才能改变。这使得规则很少改变，规则也相当简单。你可以从国际足联得到一份比赛规则的副本。什么是国际足联？世界杯就是由国际足联主办。世界杯是什么？这是足球界规模最大的比赛，共有32支国家队获得地区资格。我们一会儿再谈细节。现在，让我们到球场去。

The Soccer Field 足球场

Similar to baseball, there's no set field dimensions. Instead, soccer uses minimums and maximums allowing fields to fit within those dimensions. The length has to be somewhere between 100 yards and 130 yards and the width between 50 and 100 yards. That's a big difference, so the rules are tighter for international games. These top tier games need fields between 110 and 120 yards that are between 70 and 80 yards wide. Regardless of the overall size, the goal (8 feet high by 8 yards wide), the six-yard box immediately in front of the goal, and the 18-yard box all have to be exactly those dimensions.

与棒球相似，足球场没有固定的场地尺寸。取而代之的是，足球使用最小尺寸和最大尺寸以使场地满足这些尺寸要求。球场长度必须在100到130码之间，宽度在50到100码之间。这有着很大的区别，所以国际比赛的规则更加严格。这些顶级比赛需要110到120码的场地，宽度在70到80码之间。不管整体大小，球门（8英尺高8码宽）、球门前的6码区和18码区都必须是这些尺寸。

One more thing, in soccer jargon, the field can be called the 'pitch.'

还有一件事，用足球行业术语来说，球场可以称为“球场” （pitch).

The Clock 计时

At the highest level, the game lasts 90 minutes plus stoppage time. There are two halves of 45 minutes each and both end after stoppage time. What's stoppage time? Since the clock doesn't stop in soccer, the referee adds time back at the end of each half to make up for pauses in play. The referee indicates how much time gets added, but it's not exact. That means a 90-minute game normally lasts 94 minutes or longer at the discretion of the referee. In soccer, players play until the referee blows the whistle.

在最高水平比赛中，比赛持续90分钟外加伤停补时。两个半场各45分钟，在伤停补时结束后结束。什么是伤停补时？由于足球比赛中时钟不停，裁判会在每半场结束时加上时间来弥补比赛中的停顿。裁判员会指出增加了多少时间，但并不是精准的时间。这意味着一场90分钟的比赛通常会持续94分钟或更长时间，由裁判决定。在足球比赛中，球员们一直踢到裁判吹哨子为止。

The Referee 裁判

There's normally one referee on the field who controls the whistle and the cards. Cards? Yep, cards. In soccer, punishment is doled out through the referee raising a yellow or red card. A yellow card warns a player for breaking the rules. If the incident is serious, the referee can hold up a red card. That means the player has to leave the game for good, with his team unable to put in a sub. That's called 'playing a man down' and it means the team plays with 10 instead of 11 players. Two yellow cards to the same player also equals a red and a sending off. A team can play with no less than 7 players on the field. If a foul happens in the 18-yard-box, the referee can award a penalty. That means the fouled team gets to take a kick directly at the goalkeeper from the penalty spot 12 yards from the center of the goal line.

场上通常只有一名裁判控制着哨子和牌子。牌子？是的，牌子。在足球比赛中，处罚是通过裁判出示黄牌或红牌来实施的。黄牌警告球员违反规则。如果事件严重，裁判可以出示红牌。这意味着球员必须整场离开比赛，而他的球队不能有替补球员上场。这就是“少一个人的比赛”，球队只有10人上场而不是11人。两张黄牌给同一个球员也等于一张红牌和被罚出场。一支球队可以有不少于7名球员上场。如果犯规发生在18码（禁区）内，裁判可以判罚点球。这意味着被犯规的球队可以在距离球门线中心12码的罚球点直接向守门员踢一脚球。

The Ball 球

Soccer balls come in sizes. A young player might use a size 3, increasing to size 4 as she or he gets older, and eventually using the regulation adult size 5 ball. Balls used to be made of leather, weren't waterproof, and had laces. Imagine trying to kick that around on a wet field. the modern soccer ball is normally made with a plastic covering and is surprisingly light.

足球有大小之分。小球员可能会使用3号球，随着年龄的增长会增加到4号，最终会使用成人5号球。球过去是皮革做的，不防水，还有带子。想象一下在湿漉漉的场地上踢那种球的感受吧。现代足球通常是用塑料外皮制成的，而且重量轻得出奇。

The Positions 位置

Soccer is roughly divided into four positions and we'll go over each of them. Just remember that at the pro level there's 11 players per side, with three substitutes allowed from the players on the bench. Once a player subs out, they're done for the game.

足球大致分为四个位置，我们将逐一讲解。只要记住，职业比赛，每队11名球员，替补席上的球员可以有3名替补。一旦一个场上球员被替补换下，就不能再上场比赛了。

Goalkeeper 门将

Or goalie, the only player on the field allowed to use their hands when the ball is in play. The goalkeeper's job is obvious. Using his or her entire body, they keep the ball from crossing the goal line so the other team doesn't score. The goalkeeper cannot use their hands outside of the 18-yard box. One obvious question worth a quick answer. The goalkeeper always wears a different color shirt so he or she is easy to spot by the referee. Traditionally, that shirt was green.

或叫守门员，这是当球在球场上时，唯一允许用手碰球的球员。守门员的工作是显而易见的。利用他或她的整个身体，不让球越过球门线，这样对方就不会得分。守门员不能在18码（禁区）外用手。一个明显的问题值得快速回答。守门员总是穿不同颜色的球衣，这样他或她很容易被裁判发现。传统上，上衣会是绿色的。

Defender 防守

Remember when we mentioned 4-4-2? That's a basic soccer formation. You'll notice it adds up to 10 rather than 11. That's because there are 10 field players plus the goalkeeper. Formations only apply to field players since you have to have a goalkeeper. So we read the formation starting with the defender. The first 4 in the 4-4-2 means four defenders, the players in front of the goalkeeper. Do there always have to be 4? No. Other than the goalkeeper and needing 10 field players, those players can play in any formation the coach wants.

还记得我们提到的4-4-2吗？那是一个基本的足球阵形。你会注意到它加起来是10而不是11。那是因为有10名球员外加守门员。队形只针对场上球员，因为你必须有一个守门员。所以我们从防守队员开始读阵形。4-4-2的第一个4就是指4名防守队员，球员在守门员前面。总有4个吗？不。除了守门员和需要10名球员外，这些球员可以按照教练的要求以任何阵型比赛。

Midfielder 中场

As you'd expect, these are the players in the middle of the formation, our second set of 4 in our 4-4-2. Midfielders take on attacking and defensive responsibilities, linking the defenders with the forwards and trying to keep the flow of play going. There's more to it than that, but for now that's what you need to know. Unlike American football, the positions aren't set with complicated playbooks. Though the highest level of pro soccer can be described as high speed chess, it lacks the stops and starts of American football and doesn't have the same type of positions. A midfielder can defend and a defender can attack.

如你所料，他们是阵型中间的球员，我们4-4-2中的第二组4人。中场承担着进攻和防守的责任，把防守队员和前锋联系起来，努力保持比赛的流畅。不止这些，但眼下你需要知道这些就行。与美式足球不同的是，这些位置并没有设置复杂的战术手册。尽管职业足球的最高水平比赛可以说是像快速象棋，但它缺乏美式足球的起起停停，也没有相同类型的位置。中场可以防守，后卫可以进攻。

Forward 前锋

The 2 in our 4-4-2 and the players most expected to score goals. From an offensive perspective, formations are designed to get the ball to the attacking players so they can do their job.

4-4-2阵型中的2以及最可能进球的球员。从进攻的角度来看，阵形的设计是为了把球传给进攻球员，这样他们就能完成自己的任务。

Soccer Greats 足球巨星

Pelé is considered the greatest soccer player in the history of the sport . He played center forward for Brazil’s national team from 1956 to 1977 . Although he stopped competing more than thirty-five years ago, his record of 1,281 goals during his career still stands .

贝利被认为是足球运动史上最伟大的足球运动员。1956年至1977年，他在巴西国家队担任中锋。尽管他在三十五年前就停止了比赛，但他在职业生涯中的1281个进球的记录仍然保持着。

Another bright star of men’s soccer is Lionel Messi, the captain of Argentina’s national team . Messi is known for his lightning speed and amazing control . He was the first player to win FIFA’s award for the best male soccer player four times .

另一位男足明星是阿根廷国家队队长梅西。梅西以闪电般的速度和惊人的控制力而闻名。他是第一个四次获得国际足联最佳男子足球运动员奖的球员。

Unlike most sports, professional soccer has leagues all over the world. Under FIFA rules, most leagues have to be within a single country. FIFA controls world soccer, and beneath FIFA are six regional confederations. Those confederations have their own tournament to crown a regional champion. In Europe, that's the Champions League. It's the Champions League that's the highest level of club competition, even though FIFA stages a Club World Cup. The World Cup is for National Teams.

与大多数体育运动不同，职业足球在世界各地都有联盟。根据国际足联的规定，大多数联盟必须在一个国家内。国际足联控制着世界足球，在国际足联之下有六个地区联盟。这些联盟都有自己的锦标赛来产生地区冠军。在欧洲，那是冠军联赛。尽管国际足联举办了俱乐部世界杯，但冠军联赛是俱乐部竞争的最高水平。世界杯则是为国家队而举办的。