|
同源宾语的分类及其它 关于同源宾语(Cognate Object)，国内较为流行的英语语法专著也极少专题论述，即使是专题论述，也是涉及篇幅甚少。所谓同源宾语，就是指少数动词(包括一些不及物动词)的宾语可能是与其同源的名词，这些名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫作同源宾语。本文拟归纳一下同源宾语的几类情况，以供读者参阅。 一．同源宾语的分类 根据单词的拼写形式来划分，同源宾语实际上可分为“与动词完全同形”、“与动词稍有变化”和“与动词完全不同”以下三类。 1．与动词完全同形类： 接此类同源宾语的动词有bow，dream, fight, kiss, laugh，say, scream，sign, sleep，smell, smile，sneeze和sweat(sweat)等。例如： It was this morning that she told me interror that she had dreamed a frightening dream last night. 就是在今早，她害怕地告诉我她昨晚做了个恶梦。 The old lady slept a peaceful sleep lastnight. 那位老太太昨晚睡得很好。 Mary is lovely, who is always smiling afriendly smile to me. 玛丽极其可爱，总是对我友好地微笑。 Before leaving his hometown for Russia, hismother kissed him a long, reluctant kiss.在离开家乡去俄罗斯之前，母亲给了他一个长时的、依依不舍的吻。 2．与动词稍有变化类： 接此类同源宾语的动词有breathe(breath)，live(life), run(race), sing(song), think(thought)等。例如： Would you please be kind enough to sing usa song? 你能好心的给我们唱支歌吗? We both looked at each other, thinking thesame thought. 我俩怀着相同的心思，相互看着对方。 He promised that he would run a 1500-metrerace to be held the next day on behalf of the class. 他承诺他将代表班级参加次日举行的1500米赛跑。 3．与动词完全不同类： 接此类同源宾语的动词有blow(gale), die(death), fight(battle)和lead(life),sleep(wink), sniff(smell), strike(blow)等。例如： It blew a hard gale, followed by a heavyrain. 先是刮了一场大风，然后下了一场大雨。 Strange to say, Professor Smith died asudden death last Wednesday. 说来奇怪，史密斯教授上周三突然离世了。 She was so excited that she was unable tosleep a wink last night. 那昨晚她如此兴奋，一夜未能合眼。 二．同源宾语的省略、从句、被动、修饰和复数 1. 省略 同源宾语的前面如果有形容词最高级修饰时，这个同源宾语就可省略。例如： The birds in the forest nearby are singingtheir loudest (song)merrily. 附近森林里的小鸟在欢悦地高声歌唱。 Everybody knows he is trying his hardest(trying) at this moment. 大家都知道此时此刻他正在尽最大的努力。 2. 从句 同源宾语一般是单个名词充当，但也可以是名词后接定语从句，甚至是直接用名词性从句来充当。例如： He told me that he did not wish to livewhat was not life. 他告诉我他不愿意过非人的生活。(宾语从句) His daughter is what prevents him frombeing able to live the life that he wants to live. 他女儿成了阻止他想要过自己生活的因素。(定语从句) 3. 被动 同源宾语的动词一般不可变为被动语态，但是少数动词例外，也能用被动语态。例如： She died a heroic death. 她英勇地牺牲了。(正确) A heroic death was died by her. (错误) It seems to them that the chieftain’s race isnearly run. 在他们看来，这头儿的日子不会长了。(正确) What is life worth if it is only to belived at somebody else’s dictation? 如果只是按照别人的口述而生存, 生活还有什么价值? (正确) 4. 修饰 一个同源宾语可以同时被冠词、代词、形容词和名词来修饰。例如： My 93-year-old uncle breathed his lastbreath yesterday. 我93岁的舅舅昨天停止了呼吸，与世长辞了。 The moment she heard the good news, Anniesighed a deep sigh of relief. 一听到这个好消息，安妮宽慰地、深深地舒了一口气。 5. 复数 根据语境的变化，特别是主语的需要，同源宾语可以出现复数形式。例如： Even if it was in the past, somemountainous villagers live long healthy lives. 即使是在过去，一些山里的村民也健康长寿。 We Chinese are now living a happy life andoften dream good dreams. 现在我们中国人过着幸福的生活，经常做着美好的梦。 |
|
|
