如何学好定语从句老师叮咛:李辉老师说,无论学习什么,必须先搞定定义,明白我们要学习的是什么。下面有关定语从句的内容非常重要,经 过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真地整理校对、无错、可信!可供全国各省高中生打印、背诵!什么是定语从句(attribut iveclause)?定语从句从字面上看就是指在句中充当定语的句子。著名语法学家薄冰解释为,定语从句在句中作定语用,修饰句中的 某一名词或代词(薄冰,341)。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。一般说来,定语从句紧跟在所修饰的先行词之后。Idon’tlike thebook(先行词)thatIboughtyesterday(定语从句).限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:根据定语 从句和先行词的语义关系把定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与主句关系非常密切,通常没有逗号隔开。限制性定 语从句在句中不可缺少,否则主句的意义将不完整。非限制性定语从句与主句关系较为松散,它只是对先行词的附加说明,即使省去也不影响主句的 意义。例如:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.(限制性定语从句)Last nightIsawaverygoodfilm,whichwasaboutrobots.(非限制性定语从句) 3.定语从句的关系词:定语从句的关系词按功能分为两类,一类为关系代词,在从句中充当主语和宾语;一类是关系副词,在从句中充当状语。详 见下表:↗which:指物,在从句中可充当主语和宾语↗关系代词→that:既可指人也可指物,成分同上↘ who:主格,指人,在从句中可充当主语whom:宾格,指人,在从句中可充当宾语定语从句关系词 whose:所有格,既可指人也可指物,充当从句中定语,指人有时也用ofwhom,指物时也可用of which↗when:在从句中充当时间状语↘关系副词↘where:在从句中充当地点状语选择关系词的诀窍: 通常来说,选择关系词的诀窍是:判断是否为定语从句A.定语从句一定要有先行词,否则不是定语从句,例如,Putthebookwh ereitis.在此where引导的是地点状语从句,因为它没有指定地点的先行词,所以不是定语从句。但很多同学会用inwhi ch来代替where,是错把此句当定语从句看。试比较:Putthebooktotheplacewhereitbe longs.(此句where引导的定语从句修饰先行词theplace)B.定语从句为主从复合句,切莫把并列句当定语从句而使用关系 词,例如,Manystudentsgothighmarksthistime,butonlyfewof____ __areboys.a.whob.whomc.themd.which许多学生错选答b.whom,错误在 于此句有并列连词but,因此应选答c.them。试比较:Manystudentsgothighmarksthist ime,onlyfewofwhomareboys.找出从句中缺少什么成分,再判断是指人还是指物,或指时间还是地点,据此 以选择关系词,如:ThisistheplacewhereIonceworkedforfiveyears.Thi sistheplacethatIvisitedafewdaysago.A句用where是因为结合先行词来看从句 缺少地点状语,而B句用that是因为结合先行词来看从句缺少指物的宾语。有时可采取这样的办法,即把从句和先行词连接起来,如果可连接且 不缺任何成分,则选关系代词;如果不可直接连接而需补充其它词,则用关系副词,如:A.Iwillneverforgetthe dayswhenweplayedandstudiedtogether.B.Iwillneverforgetth edaysthatwespenttogether.A句用when是因为,当我们把从句和先行词thedays连接时,必须 加上介词on方能连接,Weplayedandstudiedtogetheronthedays.B句用that是因为, 从句和先行词thedays可以直接连接,而不需补充任何词,Wespentthedaystogether.特殊关系词引导的 定语从句关系代词as关系代词as通常用在如下一些句型中:Asisknowntoall/Asyouknow,pape rwasfirstmadeinChina.(as在从句中作宾语,指代整个主句的含义,有“正如---”之意)比较:It isknowntoall/YouknowthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.注意: which也有类似用法,然而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首,而as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,也可在句末,例如:Dorot hywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________, ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.a.whob.whichc.thisd.what (本题为2000年高考题,选B)Ihavethesametroubleasyou(have).不过,当先行词被 same修饰,且指“同一物品”时要用that。如:Sheiswearingthesamedressthatshe woreyesterday.C.Heissuchakindpersonasisalwaysready tohelpothers.关系副词why关系副词why(可由forwhich替代)通常跟在先行词thereason后引 导定语从句,表示“---的原因”。例如:Thereasonwhyhewaslateisthathehelped anoldmanonhiswaytoschool.注意比较:Thereasonthathegaveto theteacherisunreasonable.指物时特定条件下which和that的选择:有些场合我们宜用关系代词tha t,这些场合有:先行词由序数词和形容词最高级修饰时,如:ThisisthefirstnovelthatIhavee verread.ThisisthemostexcitingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.先行词 为all,everything,nothing,anything,little等不定代词时,如:AllthatIne edisagoodrest.(that在此为从句宾语,可省略)注意比较:WhatIneedisagoodre st.不过:something后关系代词用that和which均可。当先行词有theonly,thelast,theve ry修饰时关系代词用that,如:ThisistheonlythingthatIwanttodonow.Thi sistheverybookthatinterestsme.Thisisthelastthingthat Iwilldo.当先行词既有人又有物时关系代词用that,例如,Ilikethebooksandtheauthor sthatourteacherintroducedtousthismorning.当先行词为疑问代词who,或在w ho疑问句中时,关系代词用that,例如,Whothathascommonsensewilldosuchathi ng?Whoisthegirlthatgotthefirstprizeinthecompetition?当关 系代词在定语从句中作表语时用that。如:Thisisnolongertheplacethatitusedto be。Heisnotthemanthathewas.7)定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时,需用that。如:A planeisamachinethatcanfly.有些场合宜用关系代词which,例如,限制性定语从句中指物时关 系代词用which,例如:TheyhavegonetoBeijing,whichisthecapitalcity ofChina.作介词的宾语并紧跟在其后使用which,TheladderonwhichIwasstanding begantoslip.注意比较:Theladderwhich/thatIwasstandingonbegan toslip.还要注意:当介词为与动词构成的固定短语时介词不可放在关系代词前,如:ThisisthebookthatI havebeenlookingfor.不可以说成,ThisisthebookforwhichIhaveb eenlooking.作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who,例如:The class,whichiswinning,isClassOne,GradeTwo.Theclass,who arealltryingtheirbesttodogooddeedstoday,isinthecharg eofMr.Zeng.避免从句中出现与关系代词意义重复的词:要对学生强调关系词本身在从句中充当一定的成分,而避免出现重复词。 常见错误:1)Thebookwhichyouwanttobuyitissoldout.(which指代the book,it为重复词)2)Thehousewherehelivesinisverylarge.(where指 代inthehouse,in为重复词)8.如何区分定语从句与同位语从句:许多学生容易混淆that引导的定语从句和that引导 的同位语从句。分析要点是:定语从句的连词that一定要在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语的成份,而同位语从句的连词that只起连接作用而 不充当任何成份。例如:1)Wehavetoacceptthefactthattheytoldusjustno w.在这里that引导定语从句并充当从句的宾语。2)Theyhavetocomeotermswiththefact thattheyhavelostthechanceofwinning.本句中that从句为fact的同位语从句,t hat在此不充当任何成分。9.如何区分定语从句和强调句型结构:很多学生考试时容易把定语从句和强调结构混淆,尤其是强调句子的状语时 。要点:可以采取删除法,即把强调结构的Itis/was---that删除,如果整个句子仍然完整,则为强调结构,例如:It wasatChristmasthatJohngaveMaryapresent.当我们把Itwas---that 拿去,此句仍然完整(AtChristmasJohngaveMaryapresent.),因此,此处that不可由wh en取代。试比较:ItwasChristmaswhenIreceivedthisbeautifulvase.(此处 when不可用that,因为当我们把Itwas---that拿去时,句子不成立)10.如何区分where引导的定语从句和wh ere引导的状语从句:区分要点:where如果引导的是定语从句则一定要有先行词,而where引导的状语从句则无。例如:1)Il iketoliveinthehousewheretherearemanyplantsnearby.(定语从 句)本句where可由inwhich替代。2)Iliketolivewheretherearemanyplant snearby.(地点状语从句)本句where不可由inwhich替代。11.定语从句的主谓一致问题:学生在做定语从句的 练习时还容易在主谓一致问题上出错,错误列举如下:Anyonewhowanttogohikingwillsignth eirnameshere.(who指代anyone为单数,因此want需加改为为wants)Thosewhohasfi nishedtheirhomeworkmaygohome.(who指代those为复数,因此has需变为have)He isoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.(先行词有oneof修饰并且关系代 词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,因此has应改为have)Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswh ohavepassedtheexam.(先行词有theonlyoneof修饰并且关系代词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数 ,因此have应改为has)12.非限制性定语从句中the+noun.ofwhich与whose+noun.的换用,如:1) Mr.Buraklivesinabighouse,thewindowofwhich(=whose)faces south.2)Pleasepassmethebook,thecoverofwhich(=whose)is yellow.13.实战练习:1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______ familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose2.She heardaterriblenoise,______broughtherheartintohermouth. A.itB.whichC.thisD.that3.Inthedarkstreet,therew asn’tasingleperson______shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.w hoC.fromwhomD.towhom4.Theweatherturnedouttobever ygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC .thatD.it5.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturned tothesmalltown______hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.where C.thatD.when6.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober ,______personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.whi chDorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,_ _______,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thi sD.what8.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,______was veryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itsp riceD.thepriceofwhose9._____hasalreadybeenpointedout, grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.A.AsB.ItC.ThatD.Wh ich10.HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,during______timehe learnedsomeEnglish.A.thisB.whichC.thatD.same11.Onthe wallhungapicture,______colorisblue.A.whoseB.ofwhichC. whichD.its12.WheneverImethim,______wasfairlyoften,Ilik ehissweetandhopefulsmile.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when1 3.Thevisitoraskedtheguidetotakehispicture______standsthe famoustower.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.there14.Theboss___ ___departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.A .inwhichB.inthatC.inwhoseD.whose15.Idon’tlike______ youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhic hD.thewayofwhich16.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella .______Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereasonB.That’swhyC.Th ere’swhyD.It’show17.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_____ _ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.WhichIthinkisB.thatIt hinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis18.Hewasvery rudetothecustomsofficer,______ofcoursemadethingsevenwor se.A.whoB.whomC.whatD.which19.Isthishotel______yousaidweweretostayinyourletter?A.whereB.whichC.inwhichD.that20.Isthisthehotel______westayedafewyearsago?A.whereB.whichC.onwhichD.thatKEYS:1-5DBDBB6-10DBCAB11-15ABBCA16-20BADAA参考文献:A.J.Thomson&A.V.Martinet,1986,APracticalEnglishGrammar(fourthedition),OxfordUniversityPress,1986薄冰、赵德鑫等,1989,英语语法手册(修订第三版),商务印书馆刘耀辉,非限制性定语从句重点、难点、考点聚焦,英语通(高一版),2003年第5期吴小凰,学语法,找规律,变复杂为简单,龙岩师专学报,2001年7月张道真,1985,实用英语语法,商务印书馆张思中,1992,中级英语集中循环教学语法,上海交通大学出版社张振邦,1997,新编英语语法教程(第二版),上海外语教育出版社6 |
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