语法专项11——虚拟语气的用法【虚拟语气】英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气、疑问语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、
猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。一、虚拟语气用于条件句中1．表示与现在事实相反：条件状语从句中谓语动词用一般过去时(be的过去
式用were)；主句中谓语动词用would(should，could，might)＋动词原形。IfIwereyou，Iwo
uldstudyhard.2．表示与过去事实相反：条件状语从句中谓语动词用had＋过去分词；主句中谓语动词用would(sho
uld，could，might)＋have＋过去分词。Ifhehadtakenmyadvice，hewouldhav
epassedthetest.3．表示与将来的事实相反：条件状语从句中谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形或wer
eto＋动词原形；主句中谓语动词用would(should，could，might)＋动词原形。Ifitweretora
intomorrow，theywouldnotgotothecinema.【帮你归纳】虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的
假设If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相
反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反
的假设①If+主语+动词的过去式②If+主语+wereto+动词原形③If+主语+should+动词原词主语+wou
ld/should/could/might+动词原形【小叮咛】1)if条件句中只要用了过去的时态就说明该句要使用虚拟语气。2)if
条件句中只出现一个表示与将来事实相反的情态动词should。3)含有if条件句的虚拟语气中，主句都要用情态动词，且都可理解为过去式
。二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气用法1.在wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句中通常用虚拟语气
。从句中谓语动词的构成形式为：1）表示对现在情况的虚拟，从句中谓语动词用过去式(be动词一般用were)。Iwishitwe
respringnow.我希望现在是春天。2）表示对过去情况的虚拟，从句中谓语动词常用had＋过去分词。Iwishhe
hadcomeyesterday.我希望他昨天能来。3）表示对将来的主观愿望，从句中动词常用would/could/migh
t＋动词原形。Iwishitwouldbefinetomorrow.我希望明天天气晴好。【小叮咛】Ifonly+
句子=HowIwishthat+句子其虚拟情况同wish。IfonlyIhadpassedthedrivi
ngtestlastweek!要是我上周通过驾驶考试就好了！=HowIwishIhadpassedthedr
ivingtestlastweek!我多么希望上周我能通过驾驶考试啊！2.用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句，常见
动词有：demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise等。宾语
从句中的虚拟结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：Theteacherorderedthat
thehomework(should)behandedinontime.老师要求作业必须按时上交。Thedoct
oradvisedthattheoldman(should)takemedicinethreetimesa
day.医生建议这位老人一天三次吃药。【帮你记忆】一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order，command)，三个建议(s
uggest，propose，advise)，四个要求(demand，require，request，ask)。【小叮咛】这些词
相应的名词（suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice）后的
表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词也要用“(should)＋动词原形”。Itissuggestedthatthemeeti
ng(should)beputoff.会议被建议推迟。Myideaisthatwe(should)thinki
tover.我的观点是我们应该仔细考虑这件事。【小叮咛】suggest作“表明，暗示”讲时，不用虚拟语气；insist作“坚持
认为”讲时，不用虚拟语气。Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedhewashappy.他脸上的笑容
表明他很幸福。Theboyinsistedhehadn''tstolenthemoney.这个男孩坚持认为他没有偷钱
。三、用于主语从句中在Itisdesired/suggested/proposed/important/strange/
natural/necessary/apity/ashame等＋that从句，表示情绪、观点等，主语从句中的谓语动词用“(
should)＋动词原形”，should可以省略。Itisapitythathe(should)refuseto
accepttheoffer.很遗憾，他拒绝了这个机会。Itissuggestedthathe（should）fi
nishthejobproperly.建议他恰当第地完成这项工作。四、虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用1．在asif/as
though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：主语＋asif/though＋主语＋一般过去时(
从句的动作与主句动作同时发生)主语＋asif/though＋主语＋would/could＋动词原形(从句的动作相对主句来说在
将来发生)主语＋asif/though＋主语＋过去完成时(从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前)Hetalksasifhe
knewallaboutit.他谈起话来好像什么也知道。Hewalkedslowlyasthoughheha
dhurthisleg.他走起路来很慢，好像伤着腿了。2．在Itis(high)timethat...句型中也用虚
拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should＋动词原形，should不可以省略。表示“是时候做……了”，含“建议”的意味。It
istimethatwestudiedhard.到了我们努力学习的时候了。3．wouldrather后接动词原形，但接
从句时要用虚拟语气(宁愿，但愿)。wouldrather＋主语＋一般过去时(表示与现在或将来情况相反)wouldrather
＋主语＋过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反)I''dratherhedidn''tgonow.我宁愿你没有去。I''drat
heryouhadn''ttoldMikethebadnews.我宁愿没有告诉你这个坏消息。4．动词hope，inte
nd，mean，plan，want，think等词的过去完成时形式，通常表示“本想，本打算，本认为”。Hehadhopedt
ocometotheparty，butitbegantorain.我本想去参加这个宴会，但是下雨了。五、含蓄虚拟条
件句有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语、连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without，
with，butfor(要是没有)，otherwise，or，but等。Withoutyourhelp(＝Ifwehad
nothadyourhelp)，wecouldnothavefinishedthetask.没有你的帮助，我不
可能完成这项任务。Hefeltverytiredyesterday，or/otherwisehewouldhave
cometotheparty.昨天他感觉很累了，否则，他就来参加宴会了。六、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气当条件状语从句表示的行
为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据各自主从句所表示的时间作出相应的调整。Ifyou
hadfollowedmyadvice，youwouldrecover.(从句说的是过去，主句说的是现在)IfIw
ereyou，Iwouldhavegoneabroad.(从句是现在，主句说的是过去)七、省略if的虚拟语气如果if从句
中含有were/should/had时，则可以省略if，把这三个词置于句首，采用倒装语序。IfIwereyou，Iwo
uldgototheparty.→WereIyou，Iwouldgototheparty.Ifitsho
uldhappen，whatwouldyoudo？→Shouldithappen，whatwouldyoudo?
Ifyouhadcomeearlier，youwouldcatchthebus.→Hadyoucomeear
lier，youwouldcatchthebus.八、虚拟语气的疑问式和否定式疑问式除了动词相应的变化外，其他变化与陈述语
气相同，即疑问词在句首，主句中助动词提前，从句跟在主句后面。否定式在助动词或系动词后加not。如：1.疑问式Whatwould
youdoifyouwereinthelion’scage?如果你在狮子笼里，你会怎么做？IfIwere
inthelion’scage,I’dcallforhelp.如果我在狮子笼里，我会大呼救命。IfIwere
inthelion’scage.I’dgetoutfast.如果我在狮子笼里，我会迅速出来。Whatwould
youdoifyouwonthelottery?如果你赢了抽奖，你会做什么？I’dgiveittomed
icalresearch.我会用于医学研究。OrI’dputitinthebank.我会存到银行。OrIf
Iwereamillionaire,Iwouldbuyabighouseinthecountry.如
果我是百万富翁，我就在乡村买座大房子。2.否定式IfIhadn’tfollowedyouradvice,Iwoul
dn’thavefoundtheman.如果我没有听从你的建议，我就找不到那个人。【小试牛刀】单项选择1．Don''th
andlethevaseasifit______madeofsteel.A．isB．wereC．has
beenD．hadbeen2．Hadtheyknownwhatwascomingnext，they______
secondthoughts.A．mayhaveB．couldhaveC．musthavehadD．might
havehad3．Ifmycar______morereliable，Iwouldhavedrivento
Lhasainsteadofflyinglastsummer.A．wasB．hadbeenC．shouldbe
D．wouldbe4．Jackisagreattalker.It''shightimethathe______
somethinginsteadofjusttalking.A．willdoB．hasdoneC．doD．d
id5．Ifwe______adequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn''th
avebeensosuccessful.A．haven''tmadeB．wouldn''tmakeC．didn''tma
keD．hadn''tmade6．Gracedoesn''twanttomovetoNewYorkbecause
shethinksifshe______there，shewouldn''tbeabletoseeherp
arentsveryoften.A．livesB．wouldliveC．haslivedD．weretoliv
e7．Welostourwayinthatsmallvillage，otherwisewe______more
placesofinterestyesterday.A．visitedB．hadvisitedC．wouldvis
itD．wouldhavevisited8．Sorry，Iamtoobusynow.IfI______tim
e，Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.A．havehadB．hadh
adC．haveD．had9．WewouldhavecalledataxiyesterdayifHarold
______usaridehome.A．didn''tofferB．wouldn''tofferC．hasn''tof
feredD．hadn''toffered10．They______havearrivedatlunchtime
buttheirflightwasdelayed.A．willB．canC．mustD．should11.Wha
twouldhavehappened_____,asfarastheriverbank?A.Bobhad
walkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalke
dfartherD.ifBobwalkedfarther12._____fired,yourhealth
careandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.A.Woul
dyoubeB.ShouldyoubeC.CouldyoubeD.Mightyou
be13.HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountof
timeandenergy__.A.wouldhavebeensavedB.hadbeensaved
C.willbesavedD.wassaved14.Itishardformetoimaginewh
atIwouldbedoingtodayifI____inlove,attheageofseven,
withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.A.wouldn''thavef
allenB.hadnotfallenC.shouldfallD.weretofall15.If
I_____plantodoanythingIwantedto,I''dliketogotoTibet
andtravelthroughasmuchofitaspossible.A．wouldB．could
C．hadtoD．oughtto16.Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit__
_____breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatour
expense.A.wouldB.shouldC.could
D.might17.HowIwisheveryfamily＿＿alargehousewith
abeautifulgarden!A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhadIfonly+句子=HowIwishthat+句子18.LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyI___youradvice.A.followedB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.shouldfollow19.Theguardatthegateinsistedthateverybody_____therules.A.obeysB.obeyC.willobeyD.wouldobey20.Iinsistthatadoctor_____immediately.A.hasbeensentforB.sendsforC.willbesentforD.besentforKeys:1—5BDBDD6—10DDDDD11-15CBBAB16-20BBCBD |
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