Verbals1. GerundsA verbal is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part ofspeech. A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Like an ordinary single-word noun, a gerund may be used as a In the example below, thegerund phrase renames the subject, this. NOTE: Do not confuse gerunds with verbs (predicates) in the progressivetense. GERUND PREDICATE VERB Even though is cooking and wasscratching end in -ing, they are not gerunds because they areused as predicate verbs, not as nouns. 2. ParticiplesA verbal is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part ofspeech. A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. Two kinds of participles: A. Present participles, always ending in -ing,are created from the form of a verb used with the verb to be ( am,is, are, was, were, been) as an auxiliary verb (progressive tense).
B. Past participles, usually ending in-ed or -en, are created from the form of a verb usedwith the verb to be as an auxiliary verb (passive voice).
Removing the auxiliary verb and using the -en form of the main verb as an adjective produces a past participle.
Past participles may also be part of a participial phrase. Participles and participial phrases should be placed near the nouns they modify. They may either precede or follow a noun. For punctuation rules used with participles and participial phrases, follow this link. 3. InfinitivesA verbal is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part ofspeech. An infinitive is a verbal formed by placing to in frontof the simple present form of a verb. Examples: toswim tothink toread tobe tocut to turn Infinitives may function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. A. Adjectival infinitives Just like a single-word adjective, an infinitive used as an adjective alwaysdescribes a noun. An adjectival infinitive always follows the noun it describes. EXAMPLE Like gerunds and participles, infinitives mayincorporate other words as part of their phrase. EXAMPLE B. Adverbial infinitives Just like a single-word adverb, an infinitive used as an adverb alwaysdescribes a verb. An adverbial infinitive usually occurs at the beginning or at the end of asentence and does not need to be near the verb it describes. EXAMPLE: Adverbial infinitive at sentence beginning EXAMPLE: Adverbial infinitive at sentence end HINT: You can always identify an adverbial infinitive byinserting the test words in order in front of infinitive. If the words in order make sense, the infinitiveis adverbial. PUNCTUATION NOTE: 1. Use a comma after the adverbial infinitive whenit starts a sentence. 2. Do not separate the adverbial infinitive from therest of the sentence if the infinitive ends the sentence. C. Nominal infinitives Like a single-word noun, a nominal infinitive may function as a SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT RETAINED OBJECT SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT APPOSITIVE DELAYED APPOSITIVE |
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来自： 紫色爆米花 > 《ENGLISH GRAMMAR》
