【原】专家之言丨肖兆华：实战应用型英语课堂用语（三）

自主发展 2021-06-16

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实战应用型英语课堂用语《之一》和《之二》问世以来，受到了超乎想象的热烈欢迎，转发量、点赞量都超乎预想。这实在是一个激动人心令我颇感欣慰的现象。《之一》和《之二》都是按每次发50句，前25句侧重供全国师范院校、教师进修学校英语课堂之用，后25句侧重供全国中小学英语课堂之用。因编写英语课堂用语确实是需要花费一定的精力（特别是脑力），所以每次因侧重点不同，在编写时不得不转换思路。为了节省精力，从《之三》开始，每次50句专对一个侧重点，这样不仅省力，效果也会更好。另外，这毕竟是涉及到一些知识的运用，说是我的知识产权亦无不可，因为再多加点努力，这个（实战应用型英语课堂用语）的前半部分实际上就是全世界独一无二的，英汉对照的英语语法书。当然我会尽量克服困难，在疫情期间坚持向社会做公益性传播，但我也希望能有合作者，在疫情过后，我们一起来高质量地完成“实战应用型英语课堂用语”这一项目。跟箫老师学，加18911220861。

专家介绍

肖兆华：中国翻译协会专家会员、全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试CATTI英语阅卷组成员，长期从事外交工作，著名翻译家及翻译教育家，全国自主教育联盟专家顾问。

(101) 形容词是描述一个人或一个事物的性质或特征的词。
An adjective is a word giving a description of the quality or character of a person or thing.

(102) 形容词可以做定语。
The adjective is used as an attribute.

(103) 形容词可以作表语。
The adjective is used as a predicative.

(104) 形容词可以作宾语补足语，例如，约翰逊先生最终证明了自己的清白。
The adjective is used as the objective complement. For example, Mr. Johnson finally proved himself innocent.

(105) 形容词可以在一些固定词组中作介词短语，表示抽象概念。例如，in general, in short, for good.
The adjective can be used as a prepositional object in a number of set phrases in which the adjectives refer to an abstract sense such as in general (总之), in short (简言之), for good (一劳永逸).

(106) 大多数修饰人称代词的形容词，一般前面有个定冠词时，可以用来表示具有这个形容词所描述的同一性质的一群人，而不是指个人，所以是复数的概念，不是单数的概念。例如：①The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.
②The wise look to the wiser for advice and travel through error to truth.
③We will nurse your sick, clothe your naked and feed your hungry. （此处的your可以改成the）
Most of the adjectives qualifying personal nouns, generally preceded by the definite article “the”, can be used to denote all the persons possessing the quality mentioned by the adjective as a group, but not separate individuals, so they are plural in meaning. For example,
①The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.
(诚实者常受不讲道德者之骗。)
②The wise look to the wiser for advice and travel through error to truth.
(智者知道人外有人，经常请教他人，不断修正错误，走向真理。)
③We will nurse your sick, clothe your naked and feed your hungry. (此处的your可以改成the)
(我们不仅要保证你们丰衣足食，还保证病者就医。)

(107) 但是，以过去分词担任的形容词，前面如果有定冠词，则是指单个的人，例如，the accused，the deceased。
In contrast, the adjective performed by a past participle following the definite article refer to separate individuals. For example:
①The accused was committed to prison. (那个被告被判入狱)
②The deceased was deeply mourned for. (那位死者引起人们深深的哀悼)

(108) 有些形容词不指人而是着重抽象的概念，所以也是单数，例如：
①The new and progressive always triumphs over the old and obsolete.
②The good in him outweighs the bad.
Some adjectives don’t refer to people but an abstract quality, therefore, it is singular in meaning. For example:
①The new and progressive always triumphs over the old and obsolete. (新兴进步的力量总能战胜陈旧腐朽的力量。)
②The good in him outweighs the bad. (他心中的善意战胜了恶念。)

(109) 有些形容词跟在定冠词后，以sh或ese收尾则表示同一国家的人，是复数的概念，例如the British，the Spanish，the Chinese，the Japanese。
Some adjectives denoting nationalities and ending in sh or ese are plural in meaning. For example: The British, the Spanish and the Chinese made joint efforts in the economic war against the Japanese. (英国人、西班牙人和中国人联合起来跟日本人展开商战。)

(110) 当形容词表示一种语言的名称时是单数的概念，例如the English，the Chinese。
When an adjective denotes the name of a language is singular in meaning. For example:
①English is not difficult to learn. (英语不难学)
②Chinese is a beautiful poetic language. (中文是一种美丽、诗化的语言)

(111) 形容词可以和别的成分一起，单独起到非谓语从句，该形容词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。例如：
①The man, nervous (=who was nervous), opened the letter.
②Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.
An adjective can be used along with other elements as a verbless clause with its logical subject generally being that of the main clause. For example,
①The man, nervous (=who was nervous), opened the letter. (那人神情十分紧张地打开了信封)
②Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze. (他干净整齐的长发在微风中飘荡)

(112) 形容词通常放在something, anything, nothing, everything等词后面，例如：①It’s something good.②There is nothing easy to do on our way forward.The adjective is usually put after the words something, anything, nothing, everything, etc. For example:①It’s something good. (这是件好事)②There is nothing easy to do on our way forward. (在我们前进的道路上没有轻易可以完成的事)

(113) 形容词有三个不同的级别：原级、比较级、最高级。Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: the positive, comparative and superlative degrees.

(114) 表达没有比较的单一性质的形容词称为原形形容词。The adjective expressing the simple quality without comparison is said to be in the positive degree.

(115) “As…as”和“not so…as”跟原形形容词连用，表示相等于或不等于…例如：①He is as sly as a fox.②He is not quite so learned as his brother.“As…as” and “not so…as” are used with adjectives in the positive degree to express equal and unequal degrees. For example:①He is as sly as a fox. (他像狐狸一样狡猾)②He is not so quite learned as his brother. (他的知识面没有他哥哥宽)

(116) 比较级形容词是表示两个人或两样事物的高低上下之别，例如：①This question is less difficult than that one.②It is hotter today than it was yesterday.Adjectives of comparative degree denote a higher and lower degree of the quality in one of two persons or thins compared. For example:①This question is less difficult than that one. (这个问题没有那个问题难回答)②It is hotter today than it was yesterday. (今天比昨天热)

(117) 最高级形容词表示性质最高或最低的级别，最高级形容词前面要放the这个定冠词。Adjectives of the superlative degree denote the highest and the lowest degree of quality. The superlative is preceded by the definite article “the”.

(118) 有些形容词没有可比性，没有上下高低之分，例如：weekly，original，absolute等。Some adjectives cannot be compared, so they cannot be higher or lower in degree. For example: weekly (每周的), original (最初的), absolute (绝对的).

(119) 只有相同的事物才能比较，要避免这样的错误：Her pronunciation is better than her brother. 应该说：Her pronunciation is better than her brother's.Only two things of the same kind can be compared. Avoid making such a mistake as: “Her pronunciation is better than her brother.” The correct form should be: “Her pronunciation is better than her brother's.”

(120) 数词分为基数词和序数词。Numerals are of two kinds: the cardinal numerals and the ordinal numerals.

(121) Hundred，thousand，million和billion这些词前面通常不采用复数形式，例如：four hundred and fifty-six。Hundred, thousand, million and billion generally can’t take the plural form. For example, four hundred and fifty-six (四百五十六).

(122) 但当hundred，thousand，million和billion前面没有数词，或前面只有several或some这些不定代词时，要用复数形式，例如：hundreds of，several thousands of。But the plural form is used when no numeral precedes or when several or some is used. For example: hundreds of (几百个), several thousands of (好几千个).

(123) 大多数序数词都是在基数词后面加后缀“th”构成。Most of the ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix “th”.

(124) 例如：六，第六；七，第七。For example: six, sixth; seven, seventh.

(125) 基数词和序数词都可起到名词和形容词的作用，例如：①他们中有两人是党员。②第二名追上了并超过了第一名。③中国属于第三世界。④三加四等于七。⑤给她两个。Both cardinal and ordinal numerals may perform the same function as a noun or an adjective. For example:①Two of them are Party members. (作主语)②The second (作主语) has overtaken and surpassed the first (作宾语).③China belongs to the Third (作定语) World.④Three plus four is seven (作表语).⑤Give her two. (作宾语)

(126) 在分数中，基数词担任分子，序数词担任分母，例如：三分之一，七分之五。In fractional numbers, the numerator is a cardinal and the denominator is an ordinal. For example: 三分之一, one third; 七分之五, five the seventh.

(127) 三加三等于六。

Three plus three is six.

(128) 三减二等于一。

Three minus two is one.

(129) 三乘三等于九。

Three multiplied by three is nine.

(130) 27被除以九等于三。

Twenty-seven divided by nine is three.

(131) 倍数有很多表现方法，例如：①这时期它的领土扩大了九倍（是原来的十倍）。②化肥产量增加了1.5倍。③去年它的工业总产值是1949年的83倍。

Multiples can be expressed in many ways. For example:①During that period, its territory increased ten-fold.②Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 1.5 times greater.③Its total output value of industry last year was 83 times as high as that of 1949.

(132) 加、减、乘、除后的“等于”可以用is，gives，equals或makes来表示，例如…

In addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, the verb for equation can be performed by “is”, “gives”, “equals” or “makes”. For example:①One plus two is three. 1＋2=3②Nine minus three gives six. 9－3=6③Three times three equals nine. 3×3=9④Five divided by two makes two point five. 5÷2=2. 5

(133) 乘法既可以用“times”表示，也可用“multiplied by”来表示，例如…

Multiplication can be expressed in the way by using “times” or “multiplied by”. For example: Three times three is nine. / Three multiplied by three is nine. 3×3=9

(134) 百分数可以用“percent”来表示，例如…

Percentage can be expressed in the way by using “percent”. For example: 1%= one percent8%= eight percent75%= seventy-five percent0.02%= zero point nought two percent.

(135) “times larger than”这种表达形式在意思上很模糊，“It is three times larger than a dog.”它既表示“那个动物比狗大三倍。”也可表示“那个动物比狗大四倍。”所以尽量避免使用这种表达方式。

The form “times larger than” is often ambiguous. “It is three times larger thana dog.”, for example, means to some people “It is three times as large as a dog.” And to others “It is four times as large as a dog.” For this reason, it had better be avoided.

(136) 动词是表示人或物的行为或状态的词，它具有人称、数、时态、语态、语气等语法范畴。

A verb is a word for saying something, usually an action or a state, about some person or thing. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, voice, mood, etc.

(137) 动词的限定式和非限定形式

Finite and Non-finite Forms of the Verb

(138) 动词在充当谓语时，它的形式要受主语的限制，要和主语的人称及数保持一致，它可以单独出现，也可以和表语或动词不定式一起出现。

In the finite form, the verb agrees in person and number with its grammatical subject since it is used, by itself or along with a predicative or a non-finite form, as a predicate in the sentence.

(139) 动词非限定形式有三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。

The non-finite forms of a verb are three in number: the infinitive, the participle and the gerund.

(140) 动词不定式、分词和动名词在句子里能起不同的作用，但它们不能单独做谓语。

The infinitive, the participle and the gerund may fulfill different functions in a sentence, but they do not by themselves serve as a predicate in a sentence.

(141) 动词非限定式是指不受主语的人称和数的限定。

The term “non-finite” indicates that they are not limited in person and number by the subject.

(142) 根据动词的意思和句法功能，分为实意动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。

According to their meaning and syntactical functions, verbs may be divided into four classes: notional, link, auxiliary and modal.

(143) 实意动词本身有意义并单独构成谓语，例如：He studied English last year

.A notional verb has a meaning of its own and forms a simple predicate. For example: He studied English last year.

(144) 系动词可以帮助组成一个复合谓语，最常用的系动词有“be”及其衍生词“is”“am”“are”“was”“were”，另外还有“become”“remain”“get”“turn”“look”等。

A link verb helps to form a compound nominal predicate. The most commonly-used link verbs are “be” and its derivatives “is” “am” “are” “was” “were” and also other link verbs such as “become” “remain” “get” “turn” “look” etc.

(145) 助动词可以帮助组成一个动词短语，例如：He will go there tomorrow.

An auxiliary verb helps to form a verb phrase. For example: He will go there tomorrow.

(146) 情态动词不表示动作或状态，只表示说话者对动作或状态所持的态度。

A modal verb does not express action or state, but express only the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state.

(147) 实意动词可以进一步分为及物动词和不及物动词。

Notional verbs can be further divided into two classes: transitive and intransitive.

(148) 及物动词必须要有一个直接宾语才能表达完整的意义，而不需要直接宾语的就都是不及物动词。

A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning, while all those that do not require a direct object are intransitive verbs.

(149) 有些动词既是及物动词，也是不及物动词。

Some English verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively.

(150) 有些动词不仅需要直接宾语，而且还需要间接宾语才能表达完整的意思。

Some English verbs need not only a direct object but also an indirect object to complete its meaning.