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贝多芬“新曲”上线 在贝多芬去世近 200 年后，这位德国作曲家的乐谱由机器谱写完成——在很多人的帮助下。 贝多芬留下的关于《第十交响曲》的部分笔记。图片来源：Beethoven House Museum, CC BY-SA 每天清晨 5 点，作曲家沃尔特·维尔佐瓦（Walter Werzowa）都会坐在他的电脑前，等待着一封特别的邮件，它来自 6 个时区之外，在那里，有支团队用一整夜的时间（准确来说是一整个白天）来续写贝多芬未完成的《第十交响曲》——在贝多芬逝世近两百年之后。 这封邮件包含数百种曲谱，维尔佐瓦全部听完了。 “我会一直听到九十点钟，那感觉仿佛身处天堂。” 维尔佐瓦所听的曲调堪称完美——毫无疑问就是贝多芬的音乐。 但这些乐句并非出自贝多芬，它们是由人工智能（AI）创造的——是对贝多芬创作过程的计算机模拟。 “AI 会给我上百种选项，其中不乏优秀的乐章，但会有那么一段令人折服，发现它的过程十分美妙。” 路德维希·范·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven）是西方音乐史上最著名的作曲家之一，在 1827 年去世之际，他未能完成《第十交响曲》这部杰作，只留下了一些音乐草稿和片段。用这些残片谱写出一个乐句都很难，更不用说整部交响乐了，但这并未阻止人们的尝试。 1988 年，音乐学家巴里·库珀（Barry Cooper）进行了一次尝试，但最终止步于第一乐章——贝多芬留下的关于第二和第三乐章的草稿寥寥无几，难以谱出一章交响乐。 维尔佐瓦说：“交响乐的一个乐章可以包含多达 4 万个音符。贝多芬留下的一些主题旋律却只有三个小节，大约 20 个音符。我们掌握的信息太少了……[查看全文] Beethoven's Unfinished 10th Symphony Brought to Life by Artificial Intelligence Nearly 200 years after his death, the German composer’s musical scratch was pieced together by machine—with a lot of human help. Every morning at five o’clock, composer Walter Werzowa would sit down at his computer to anticipate a particular daily e-mail. It came from six time zones away, where a team had been working all night (or day, rather) to draft Beethoven’s unfinished 10th Symphony—almost two centuries after his death. The e-mail contained hundreds of variations, and Werzowa listened to them all. Werzowa: So by nine, 10 o’clock in the morning, it’s like I’m already in heaven. Carey: Werzowa was listening for the perfect tune—a sound that was unmistakably Beethoven. But the phrases he was listening to weren’t composed by Beethoven. They were created by artificial intelligence—a computer simulation of Beethoven’s creative process. Werzowa: There were hundreds of options, and some are better than others. But then there is that one which grabs you, and that was just a beautiful process. Carey: Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the most renowned composers in Western music history. When he died in 1827, he left behind musical sketches and notes that hinted at a masterpiece. There was barely enough to make out a phrase, let alone a whole symphony. But that didn’t stop people from trying. In 1988 musicologist Barry Cooper attempted. But he didn’t get beyond the first movement. Beethoven’s handwritten notes on the second and third movements are meager—not enough to compose a symphony. Werzowa: A movement of a symphony can have up to 40,000 notes. And some of his themes were three bars, like 20 notes. It’s very little information…[full transcript] |
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