王凌 吴楚格范文慧 (清华大学 自动化系,北京 100084) DOI:10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.20-0584 引言1 系统模型2 优化目标及约束2.1 性能指标2.2 能耗指标2.3 花费指标3 调度优化模型及求解方法3.1 独立任务卸载/分配3.2 资源约束下的任务分配3.3 带优先约束任务调度/卸载4 应用与仿真验证表1 应用场景与调度问题Tab. 1 Applications and scheduling problems 5 结论[1]. Pang H H, Tan K L. Authenticating Query Results in Edge Computing[C]//20th International Conference on Data Engineering. Boston, MA, USA: IEEE Comput Soc, 2004: 560-571. [2]. Bonomi F, Milito R, Zhu J, et al. Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things[C]//1st Edition MCC Workshop Mobile Cloud Comput. NY, USA: ACM, 2012: 13-16. [3]. Vaquero L M, Rodero-Merino L. Finding Your Way in the Fog: Towards a Comprehensive Definition of Fog Computing[J]. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (S0146-4833), 2014, 44(5): 27-32. [4]. Hu P, Dhelim S, Ning H, et al. Survey on Fog Computing: Architecture, Key Technologies, Applications and Open Issues[J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications (S1084-8045), 2017, 98(11): 27-42. [5]. Yousefpour A, Fung C, Nguyen T, et al. All One Needs to Know About Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing Paradigms: A Complete Survey[J]. Journal of Systems Architecture (S1383-7621), 2019, 98(1): 289-330. [6]. O. C. Architecture Working Group, Open Fog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing[R]. 2017, 1(1): 162. [7]. Shi W, Cao J, Zhang Q, et al. Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (S2327-4662), 2016, 3(5): 637-646. [8]. Hussain H, Malik S U R, Hameed A, et al. A Survey on Resource Allocation in High Performance Distributed Computing Systems[J]. Parallel Computing (S0167-8191), 2013, 39(11): 709-736. [9]. Bellendorf J, Mann Z Á. Classification of Optimization Problems in Fog Computing[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2020, 107(1): 158-176. [10]. Brogi A, Forti S, Guerrero C, et al. How to Place Your Apps in the Fog: State of the Art and Open Challenges[J]. Software: Practice and Experience (S0167-739X), 2019, 1(1): 1-8. [11]. Wu C, Li W, Wang L, et al. Hybrid Evolutionary Scheduling for Energy-efficient Fog-enhanced Internet of Things[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing (S2168-7161), 2018, 1(1): 1-1. [12]. Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G. The Internet of Things: A Survey[J]. Computer Networks (S1389-1286), 2010, 54(15): 2787-2805. [13]. Bonomi F, Milito R, Natarajan P, et al. Fog Computing: A Platform for Internet of Things and Analytics. N. Bessis, C. Dobre. Big Data and Internet of Things: A roadmap for smart environments[M]. Cham: Springer, 2014, 546: 169-186. [14]. Mahmud R, Srirama S N, Ramamohanarao K, et al. Quality of Experience (QoE)-aware Placement of Applications in Fog Computing Environments[J]. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (S0743-7315), 2019, 132(1): 190-203. [15]. Buyya R., Srirama S. N. 雾计算与边缘计算: 原理和范式[M]. NJ, USA: Wiley, 2019: 31-50. [16]. Wu H, Yue K, Hsu C, et al. Deviation-based Neighborhood Model for Context-aware QoS Prediction of Cloud and IoT Services[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2017, 76(1): 550-560. [17]. Brogi A, Forti S. QoS-Aware Deployment of IoT Applications Through the Fog[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (S2327-4662), 2017, 4(5): 1185-1192. [18]. Yousefpour A, Ishigaki G, Gour R, et al. On Reducing IoT Service Delay Via Fog Offloading[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (S2327-4662), 2018, 5(2): 998-1010. [19]. Merlino G, Arkoulis S, Distefano S, et al. Mobile Crowdsensing as a Service[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2016, 56(1): 623-639. [20]. Lomotey R K, Pry J, Sriramoju S. Wearable IoT Data Stream Traceability in a Distributed Health Information System[J]. Pervasive and Mobile Computing (S1574-1192), 2017, 40(1): 692-707. [21]. Desikan K E S, Srinivasan M, Murthy C S R. A Novel Distributed Latency-aware Data Processing in Fog Computing-enabled IoT Networks[C]//Proc. of the ACM Workshop on Distributed Information Processing in Wireless Networks. Chennai, India: ACM, 2017: 1-6. [22]. Gorlatova M, Inaltekin H, Chiang M. Characterizing Task Completion Latencies in Fog Computing[J].Computer Networks (S1389-1286), 2020, 181:107526. [23]. Abbott R K, Garcia-Molina H. Scheduling Real-time Transactions: A Performance Evaluation[J]. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (S0362-5915), 1992, 17(3): 513-560. [24]. Meng J, Tan H, Li X Y, et al. Online Deadline-aware Task Dispatching and Scheduling in Edge Computing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (S1045-9219), 2020, 31(6): 1270-1286. [25]. Ye D, Wu M, Tang S, et al. Scalable Fog Computing with Service Offloading in Bus Networks[C]//3rd International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing. Beijing, China: IEEE, 2016: 247-251. [26]. Verba N, Chao K M, Lewandowski J, et al. Modeling Industry 4.0 based Fog Computing Environments for Application Analysis and Deployment[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2019, 91(1): 48-60. [27]. Wu C, Wang L. A Deadline-aware Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Resource Scheduling in Fog Computing Systems[C]//IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Wellington, New Zealand: IEEE, 2019: 660-666. [28]. 林闯, 胡杰, 孔祥震. 用户体验质量(QoE)的模型与评价方法综述[J]. 计算机学报, 2012, 35(1): 1-15. [29]. Lin Y, Shen H. Cloud Fog: Towards high quality of experience in cloud gaming[C]//44th International Conference on Parallel Processing. Beijing, China: IEEE, 2015: 500-509. [30]. Aazam M, St-Hilaire M, Lung C, et al. MeFoRE: QoE based Resource Estimation at Fog to Enhance QoS in IoT[C]//23rd International Conference on Telecommunications. Thessaloniki, Greece: IEEE, 2016: 1-5. [31]. Jalali F, Hinton K, Ayre R, et al. Fog Computing May Help to Save Energy in Cloud Computing[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (S0733-8716), 2016, 34(5): 1728-1739. [32]. Halgamuge M N, Zukerman M, Ramamohanarao K, et al. An Estimation of Sensor Energy Consumption[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B (S1559-8985), 2009, 12(12): 259-295. [33]. Li W, Delicato F C, Zomaya A Y. Adaptive Energy-efficient Scheduling for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (S1550-4859), 2013, 9(3): 1-34. [34]. Dietrich I, Dressler F. On the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (S1550-4859), 2009, 5(1): 1-39. [35]. Deng R, Lu R, Lai C, et al. Optimal Workload Allocation in Fog-cloud Computing Towards Balanced Delay and Power Consumption[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (S2327-4662), 2016, 1(1): 1-1. [36]. Wan J, Chen B, Wang S, et al. Fog Computing for Energy-aware Load Balancing and Scheduling in Smart Factory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics (S1551-3203), 2018, 14(10): 4548-4556. [37]. Gu L, Zeng D, Guo S, et al. Cost Efficient Resource Management in Fog Computing Supported Medical Cyber-Physical System[J]. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing (S2168-6750), 2017, 5(1): 108-119. [38]. Sturzinger E, Tornatore M, Mukherjee B. Application- aware Resource Provisioning in a Heterogeneous Internet of Things[C]//International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling. Budapest: IEEE, 2017: 1-6. [39]. Kumar K, Liu J, Lu Y H, et al. A Survey of Computation Offloading for Mobile Systems[J]. Mobile Networks and Applications (S1383-469X), 2013, 18(1): 129-140. [40]. Aazam M, Zeadally S, Harras K A. Offloading in Fog Computing for IoT: Review, Enabling Technologies, and Research Opportunities[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2018, 87(1): 278-289. [41]. Fricker C, Guillemin F, Robert P, et al. Analysis of an Offloading Scheme for Data Centers in the Framework of Fog Computing[J]. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems(S2376-3639), 2016, 1(4): 16-34. [42]. Wang X, Ning Z, Wang L. Offloading in Internet of Vehicles: A Fog-enabled Real-time Traffic Management System[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics (S1551-3203), 2018, 14(10): 4568-4578. [43]. Zhao X, Zhao L, Liang K. An Energy Consumption Oriented Offloading Algorithm for Fog Computing[C]//12th International Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness. Cham: Springer, 2016: 293-301. [44]. Xiao Y, Krunz M. QoE and Power Efficiency Tradeoff for Fog Computing Networks with Fog Node Cooperation[C]// IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. Atlanta, USA: IEEE, 2017: 1-9. [45]. Kattepur A, Dohare H, Mushunuri V, et al. Resource Constrained Offloading in Fog Computing[C]//1st Workshop on Middleware for Edge Clouds & Cloudlets. Trento, Italy: ACM, 2016: 1-6. [46]. Pisinger D. Where Are the Hard Knapsack Problems[J]. Computers & Operations Research (S1873-765X), 2005, 32(9): 2271-2284. [47]. Skarlat O, Nardelli M, Schulte S, et al. Towards QoS-aware Fog Service Placement[C]//1st International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing. Madrid, Spain: IEEE, 2017: 89-96. [48]. Zeng D, Gu L, Guo S, et al. Joint Optimization of Task Scheduling and Image Placement in Fog Computing Supported Software-Defined Embedded System[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers (S0018-9340), 2016, 65(12): 3702-3712. [49]. Mennes R, Spinnewyn B, Latre S, et al. GRECO: A Distributed Genetic Algorithm for Reliable Application Placement in Hybrid Clouds[C]//5thInternational Conference on Cloud Networking. Pisa, Italy: IEEE, 2016: 14-20. [50]. Rahbari D, Nickray M. Scheduling of Fog Networks with Optimized Knapsack by Symbiotic Organisms Search[C]// 21stConference of Open Innovations Association. Helsinki: IEEE, 2017: 278-283. [51]. Tang Z, Zhou X, Zhang F, et al. Migration Modeling and Learning Algorithms for Containers in Fog Computing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing (S1939-1374), 2019, 12(5): 712-725. [52]. Kwok Y, Ahmad I. Static Scheduling Algorithms for Allocating Directed Task Graphs to Multiprocessors[J]. ACM Computing Surveys (S1557-7341), 1999, 31(4): 406-471. [53]. Kao Y, Krishnamachari B. Optimizing Mobile Computational Offloading with Delay Constraints[C]// IEEE Global Communications Conference. TX, Austin: IEEE, 2014: 2289-2294. [54]. Sundar S, Liang B. Offloading Dependent Tasks with Communication Delay and Deadline Constraint[C]//IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. Honolulu, HI: IEEE, 2018: 37-45. [55]. Mahmoodi S E, Uma R N, Subbalakshmi K P. Optimal Joint Scheduling and Cloud Offloading for Mobile Applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing (S2168-7161), 2019, 7(2): 301-313. [56]. Selvi S, Manimegalai D. DAG Scheduling in Heterogeneous Computing and Grid Environments Using Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm[J]. Applied Artificial Intelligence (S0883-9514), 2017, 31(2): 134-173. [57]. Topcuoglu H, Hariri S, Min-You Wu. Performance-effective and Low-complexity Task Scheduling for Heterogeneous Computing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel & Distributed Systems (S1045-9219), 2002, 13(3): 260-274. [58]. Liou J, Palis M A. A Comparison of General Approaches to Multiprocessor Scheduling[C]//11th International Parallel Processing Symposium. Switzerland: IEEE, 1997: 152-156. [59]. Xu Y, Li K, He L, et al. A DAG Scheduling Scheme on Heterogeneous Computing Systems Using Double Molecular Structure-Based Chemical Reaction Optimization[J]. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (S0743-7315), 2013, 73(9): 1306-1322. [60]. Pham X Q, Huh E N. Towards Task Scheduling in a Cloud-fog Computing System[C]//18th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium. Kanazawa, Japan: IEEE, 2016: 1-4. [61]. Stavrinides G L, Karatza H D. A Hybrid Approach to Scheduling Real-time IoT Workflows in Fog and Cloud Environments[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications (S1380-7501), 2019, 78(17): 24639-24655. [62]. Skarlat O, Nardelli M, Schulte S, et al. Optimized IoT Service Placement in the Fog[J]. Service Oriented Computing and Applications (S1863-2386), 2017, 11(4): 427-443. [63]. Xie Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, et al. A Novel Directional and Non-local-convergent Particle Swarm Optimization based Workflow Scheduling in Cloud-edge Environment[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems (S0167-739X), 2019, 97(1): 361-378. [64]. 赵梓铭, 刘芳, 蔡志平, 等. 边缘计算: 平台、应用与挑战[J], 计算机研究与发展, 2018, 55(2): 327-337. [65]. Sonmez C, Ozgovde A, Ersoy C, et al. EdgeCloudSim: An Environment for Performance Evaluation of Edge Computing Systems[J]. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (S2161-3915), 2018, 29(11): 1-1. [66]. Gupta H, Dastjerdi A V, Ghosh S K, et al. iFogSim: A Toolkit for Modeling and Simulation of Resource Management Techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments[J]. Software - Practice and Experience (S0038-0644), 2017, 47(9): 1275-1296. [67]. Jonathan M, Nan W, Ashish T, et al. DeFog: fog Computing Benchmarks[C]//Proc 4th ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing. New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019: 47-58. [68]. Sharma S, Saini H. A Novel Four-tier Architecture for Delay Aware Scheduling and Load Balancing in Fog Environment[J]. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems (S2210-5379), 2019, 1(1): 1-8. [69]. Xia C, Li W, Chang X, et al. Edge-based Energy Management for Smart Homes[C]//16th Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing. Athens, Greece: IEEE, 2018: 849-856. [70]. 翟岩龙, 孙文心, 包天虹, 等. 基于微服务的边缘侧仿真方法及框架研究[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2018, 30(12): 44-53. A Survey of Edge Computing Resource Allocation and Task Scheduling OptimizationWang Ling Wu ChugeFan Wenhui (Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China) 作者简介: 王凌 清华大学自动化系长聘教授、博士生导师、学位委员会副主席,国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。中国仿真学会理事,中国仿真学会智能仿真优化与调度专委会副主任;中国人工智能学会自然计算与数字智能城市专委会副主任;国际期刊IJAAC主编、CSMS执行主编;IEEE TEVC、SEC、ESWA等SCI期刊副主编;控制理论与应用、控制与决策、系统工程与电子技术等期刊编委。 长期从事复杂系统建模控制与优化调度的研究与应用,主持国家杰出青年科学基金及面上项目、国家重点研发计划课题等20余项;已出版专著5部、译著1部,在IEEE Trans等刊物上发表SCI论文200余篇、WOS引用一万余次、Google Scholar引用两万余次;获国家自然科学二等奖1项;省部级科技奖励6项;自动化学报、控制理论与应用、控制与决策等期刊优秀论文奖。获国家杰出青年科学基金、北京市科技新星、教育部新世纪优秀人才、清华大学学术新人奖、中国自动化学会青年科学家奖、中国高被引作者等。 第一作者:王凌(1972-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为智能优化调度理论与方法等。E-mail:wangling@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn 基金信息: 国家杰出青年基金(61525304),国家自然科学基金(61873328) 中图分类号: TP391 文章编号:1004-731X(2021)03-0509-12 文献标识码: A 收稿日期:2020-08-10 修回日期:2020-09-03 网刊发布日期:2021-11-22 |
|