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A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than these among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression.Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant，because they live in a very mobile society，and for many other reasons as well，they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore，Americans tend to“compartmentalize”their friendships，having their“friends at work”，“friends at school”，a“tennis friend”，and so on. Americans often seem very friendly even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship.The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigners as an“inability to be friends”. Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile，ever-changing society. People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information，but they shape people’s thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general（for example，that they are very hard working intelligent，and rich that they do speak English well）and about particular categories of foreign students（Chinese are polite and good at mathematics，for example，or Italians are emotional）. And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans，for example，that they are arrogant，rude，and generous. There are two stereotypes that often affect male-female relationships involving U.S. and foreign students. The first is the idea，held by some foreign males，that American females are invariably willing，if not anxious to have sex. The second common stereotype，held by some American females，is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information，so it is not realistic to suppose people can“forget their stereotypes”. But they can be aware of their stereotypes，and be ready to find exceptions to them.1Consuming friendship，Americans ______.A. look for a deeper relationship in a close circleB. avoid deep relationship with other peopleC. are friendly at first but do not remain so later onD. do not make good friends2.The word“compartmentalize”in the first paragraph means ______.A. separate in categories3.The author’s attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be ______.4.According to the author，stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U.S. and foreign students are ______.5.According to the author，stereotypes seem unavoidable because ______.A. it is natural to have themB. it is not easy to find exceptionsC. they provide better understandingD. they contribute to friendshipA. 寻找一个圈子里更进一步的关系B. 避免和别人有过密交往C. 起初非常好客但不会持续很长时间D. 不交好朋友线索1：文章的第1段提到“for many other reasons as well，they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people”.线索2：文章的第1段提到“This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship”.根据线索1和线索2表明选项B是正确答案。选项A和文章的第1段的内容不符合。选项C在原文中没有提到。选项D表达得太绝对化了。美国人不会交到好朋友，肯定不符合常识。【考点提示】选项D不正确的原因也是错误选项的典型特点，归纳为几点：①错误选项一般都非常的具体；②错误选项的语气往往特别坚定；③错误选项的内容往往不符合常识。同学们可以根据这三点，来判断排除错误选项。【解析过程】文章第一段“compartmentalize”一词的含义是“ ”。线索：文章的第1段提到“'compartmentalize’their friendships，having their'friends at work’，'friends at school’，a'tennis friend’.”从后面的内容可以看到compartmentalize是分化处理的含义。【考点提示】词汇推断题是考查同学们对于文章中出现的生词，能不能根据上下文的语境，进行正确的判断，猜测出它的含义。解题的关键主要在以下几点：①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方；②注意结合上下文理解该单词的含义；③如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。线索：文章的第1段的最后两句话表达了作者对于美国友谊的观点，有的人认为他们无法交到真正的朋友，不过也有的人认为在这个流动性很强的社会，这是非常正常的。所以，作者的态度是客观。【考点提示】态度题：①标志：attitude；②应精确理解四个选项的含义；③不要掺杂自己的观点；④可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：fortunately，excessively，too many；⑤抓论述的主线。【解析过程】根据本文作者的观点，关于美国学生和外国学生之间产生的男女关系的传统观念是 。A. 有益的B. 毫无意义的C. 有害的D. 无用的线索：文章的第1段提到“The existence of these and other stereotypes can give to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals.”表明选项C是正确答案。【考点提示】细节题解析的一个关键是要看清题干中的关键词，然后根据关键词返回原文寻找相关的信息线索判断选项的对错。【解析过程】根据本文作者的观点，传统的观念是无法回避的，因为 。A. 具有这些观念是天生的B. 很难能够发现任何例外C. 它们提供更好的理解D. 它们有助于友谊的发展线索：文章的第2段提到“Stereotypes seem unavoidable given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information，so it is not realistic to suppose people can forget their stereotypes.”表明选项A是正确答案。【考点提示】这是一道常见的细节推理题，考查学生对文中具体细节信息的分析推理能力。 
When anti-globalization protesters took to the streets of Washington last weekend，they blamed globalization for everything from hunger to the destruction of home-grown cultures．And globalization meant the United States．The critics call it Coca-Colonization, and French sheep farmer Jose Bove has become a cult (狂热分子) figure since destroying a McDonald’s restaurant in 1999．Contrary to conventional wisdom，however，globalization is neither homogenizing (使…同化) nor Americanizing the cultures of the world． To understand why not，we have to step back and put the current period in a larger historical perspective．Although they are related, the long-term historical trends of globalization and modernization are not the same．While modernization has produced some common traits，such as large cities， factories and mass communications, local cultures have by no means been erased．The appearance of similar institutions in response to similar problems is not surprising, but it does not lead to homogeneity．In the first half of the 20th century，for example，there were some similarities among the industrial societies of Britain，Germany，America and Japan，but there were even more important differences．When China，India and Brazil complete their current processes of industrialization and modernization，we should not expect them to be exact copies of Japan, Germany or the United States． Take the current information revolution．The United States is at the forefront of this great movement of change，so the uniform social and cultural habits produced by television viewing or Internet use，for instance，are often attributed to Americanization．But correlation is not cause．Since the United States does exist and is at the leading edge of the information revolution，there is a degree of Americanization at present，but it is likely to decrease over the course of the 21 st century as technology spreads and local cultures modernize in their own ways． Historical proof that globalization does not necessarily mean homogenization can be seen in the case of Japan．In the mid一19th century，it became the first Asian country to embrace globalization and to borrow successfully from the world without losing its uniqueness．Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868，Japan searched broadly for tools and innovations that would allow it to become a major power rather than a victim of Western imperialism．The lesson that Japan has to teach the rest of the world is that even a century and a half of openness to global trends does not necessarily assure destruction of a country’s separate cultural identity．1．The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to _____． A) report the progress of some new events B) criticize extreme and violent actions C) recall a certain period of American history D) tell his readers not to be afraid of globalization 2．The author mentions world history to prove that modernization _____． A) does not result in homogeneity of local cultures B) is somewhat related to globalization C) is one of the long-term historical trends D) has shaped different traits in industrial countries 3．The author admits that a degree of Americanization does exist because ______． A) it is a long-term historical trend of the world B) industrial societies are almost exact copies of the United States C) the Internet and TV promote the spread of American social and cultural habits D) local cultures are gradually weakened over the course of the 21 st century 4．Japan is mentioned in the passage to show that _________． A) openness to globalization will not cost a nation’s cultural identity B) it was the first Asian country to develop successfully C) the Meiji Restoration of 1868 was crucial in Japan’s history D) tools and innovations would allow a country to become a major power 5．From the passage we can conclude that the author is strongly in defense of ______．C) information revolution 1．D)。全文的主题是：全球化既不能同化世界文化，也不能使世界文化美国化。全文都是在论述这一观点，所以其目的也是告诉人们不要惧怕全球化，即为D)。A) 是第一段的例子；B) 是对第一段例子的态度，不是全文的观点；c) 是文章中的一个细节。2．B)。由题干中的 modernization 定位到第二段，题干中的 world history 对应文中的 historical trends，第二句的意思是虽然他们之间有联系，全球化和现代化的历史趋势是不同的。所以选B) 是为了证明现代化和全球化有点相关，另外 somewhat 使语义避免绝对化，是正确选项特征之一。由第二段第三句话：虽然现代化已经导致了相同的特点，当地文化决不能被消除，A) 和该句意思相反；c) 是文章中的事实，不是目的；D) 的说法不全面，因为现代化不仅形成了工业国家不同点，也有相同特点。3．C)。由题干 Americanization 定位到文章第三段的第二句话：美国走在这种变革的前沿，因此由电视和因特网所带来的同一社会和文化习惯是美国化的原因，所以选c)。由第三段第四句话后半句：但是随着科技的传播和当地文化以自己的方式使之现代化，美国的影响会减少，所以A)、B)不对；D) 和该句意思相反。4．A)。由题干 Japan 定位到最后一段。列举例子是为了支持作者的观点。该段的第一句：全球化并不意味着同一化，日本就是一例。即为作者的观点，所以应选A)。B)、c) 和D) 是事实，不是目的，而是例子的具体内容。5．B)。本题是问作者为什么辩护。通过全文：第一段作者提出全球化既不能让世界文化同化，也不能使之美国化。第二段指出全球化和现代化的历史趋势是不同的。现代化不能消除当地文化，表面的相似不能导致同一性。第三段以美国为例，美国走在这种变革的前沿，因此由电视和因特网所带来的同一社会和文化习惯是美国化的原因，但是随着科技的传播和当地文化以自己的方式使之现代化，美国的影响会减少；第四段又以日本为例，说明全球化的趋势不需要破坏一个国家独立的文化个性。所以全文都是在说全球化。由此应选B)。由第三段可知，美国化是全球化的一个例子，所以A)、c)不对；由第二段可知作者是想通过与现代化做对比来说明一个国家文化被同化不是全球化的结果，所以D) 不对。
This year, a new minor has been added to the choices at our University. The minor is called Information Technology and is supported by 11 different departments, ranging from art to computer engineering. The possibilities of this minor are endless because there are so many fields to explore, and today’s society is so dependent on computers and new developments in technology. Even if your school does not have a minor that corresponds to the classes that I am taking, it would be a worthwhile attempt to develop a program. Not only would you benefit from the information learned, but the rest of the students at your school would benefit also.There are four main objectives of the minor. The first is to learn practical skills in computing, communications and networking, or data storage/retrieval (检索). The second is to understand the impact of information technology on social communication. The third is to gain knowledge of how information technology can be used in imaginative ways. The fourth objective is to learn applications of information technology that contribute to the common good. These four objectives not only show that this program really teaches valuable information to the students, but also demonstrate that this minor can be complementary to any major.I am a business student. The Information Technology minor is a great choice for me because I learn how to use computer programs that I might be working with someday at my business and I understand how I can make my major—marketing—more desirable.By using computers to design and implement marketing schemes, I can significantly improve my chances of landing an excellent career after college. The minor is also great for other majors such as art, which makes use of the multimedia design tools and knowledge of the World Wide Web.1. By saying “there are so many fields to explore”, the author means that ______.A. Information Technology can facilitate the study of many social problemsB. many aspects of Information Technology are worthy of being researchedC. many courses need to be studied so as to learn Information Technology wellD. many technologies need to be developed so as to push the society forward2. It's suggested in the fast paragraph that a college without Information Technology course should_______.A. develop a corresponding software programB. offer a corresponding course to the studentsC. install a corresponding program into computersD. require the teachers to learn corresponding courses3. After taking Information Technology course, students are expected to achieve the following EXCEPT _______.A. get valuable information B. learn more practical skillsC. do good to the society D. find a satisfying job easily4．The author may agree that Information Technology _______.A. will become a major somedayB. is especially useful for business majorsC. can reinforce all the majors at collegeD. is similar to computer courses5. The author’s attitude to Information Technology’s influence on marketing is_______.A. matter-of-fact B. objectiveC. subjective D. concerned1．[B]词义推断题。本题主要考查对fields的理解。第1段第3句提到了“信息科技”前途无量的两个原因，要推断第一个原因中fields的词义，就要注意这个原因从句与主句是紧密相连的，由此可推测此处的fields应是指“信息科技”有待研究的领域。选项A和D都具干扰性，但是作者在陈述第二个原因时才通过society一词指出“信息科技”对社会的影响，由此可见，第一个原因与选项A中的social problems或选项D的society都是无关的。2．[B]推理判断题。主要考查对第1段第4句中program的理解。根据此句，该词应该与句中的minor，classes是近义词，作者为了避免重复而使用了三种不同的说法，因此，program在文中是“课程”之义。选项A和C中的program意为“软件程序”，但文中并未对program做出这样的限定；选项D提到老师该做什么，这在文中并没有讨论。3．[D]推理判断题。本题考查列举处。主要考查对第2段的理解，可用排除法得出答案。选项A(第三个目的)、选项B(第一个目的)和选项C(第四个目的)在原文中都已逐点列出。4．[C]事实细节题。选项C与第2段最后一句的complementary to any major为近义替换。整篇文章都讨论“信息科技”是minor，没有提到与选项A相关的内容。第3段虽然讨论了“信息科技”对作者专业的帮助，但是也提到“信息科技”对别的专业的帮助，因此选项B不正确。文中也不断提到“信息科技”涉及电脑的使用，但作者并未将这两种课程作比较，因此选项D也不对。5．[C]观点态度题。在第3段和第4段，作者以自己的经历说明“信息科技”对自己的专业“市场营销”的影响，由此可见，作者对于“信息科技”的态度是比较主观的，因此也否定了选项A和B。作者对“信息科技”表示认同，不是对其作用表示关注，因此选项D也不对。
A new analysis of federal money that public schools receive for low-income students shows that a record number of the nation's school districts will receive less in the coming academic year than they did for the one just ended.For the 2005-2006 school year, spending under the Department of Education's Title I program, which helps low-achieving children in high-poverty areas, is increasing by 3.2 percent, to $12.6 billion. But because of population shifts, growing numbers of poor children, newer census data and complex formulas that determine how the money is divided, more than two-thirds of the districts, or 8,843, will not receive as much financing as before.The analysis, based on data from the department, was made by the Center on Education Policy, a group advocating for public schools. A similar study by the group last year showed that 55 percent of the schools would receive less money than they did in the previous year.“It’s an alarming number.” said Tom Fagan, a former department official who conducted the analysis. “It’s clear that the amount of overall increase is not keeping pace with the number of poor kids.”Susan Aspey, a department spokeswoman, defended the spending levels for Title I, saying, “President Bush and Congress have invested record amounts of funding to help the nation's neediest students.”But Mr. Fagan said the increasing number of districts that are losing money is making it harder for the schools to meet the goals of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, the Bush administration's signature education program, which measures progress through annual tests in math, reading and science. That is giving critics of the program more grounds to accuse the administration of not sufficiently financing the program while demanding greater results.Title I provides the largest component of financing for No Child Left Behind.“The federal government is concentrating more money in fewer districts,” said John F. Jennings, the president and chief executive of the Center on Education Policy. “It means there is lots of anger and lots of tension. They're asking us to do more and more with less and less.”1. As it is indicated in the passage, the new analysis _______.A. studied the federal money spent on low-income studentsB. aimed at promoting the establishment of more public schoolsC. showed that about half the schools would receive less moneyD. was conducted by the Department of Education’s Title 1 program2. Which of the following factors does NOT lead to the result that more than two-thirds of the districts will get more poorly financed?A. People often move from one place to another.B. There are more children from poor families.C. The way of distributing money has changed.D. Spending under the Title I program decreased.3. Susan Aspey looks at the funding by the government with _______.C. indifference D. expectation4. According to Tom Fagan, ______.A. the government has done its best to finance the poor childrenB. the goals of No Child Left Behind Act are difficult to realizeC. the way of measuring progress by annual tests should be changedD. the Bush government shouldn't have approved the Title I program5. When the government concentrates more money in fewer districts, _______.A. more poor children will get benefitedB. more public schools will have to be closedC. it will arouse more people's dissatisfactionD. No Child Left Behind Act will be realized sooner1.[A] 事实细节题。本题考查长句的理解。从第1段首句中的“…of…”这一结构可知这个最新分析是要研究联邦政府资金问题的。在判断其他的选项时，理解好第3段第1句是关键，这是一个长句，中间插进了一个分词结构，最后是一个后置定语结构，理顺了语序后，就可理解选项B中aimed at的行为主体应为the Center on Education Policy，也可判断出这项最新分析是由the Center on Education Policy进行的，因此排除选项D，根据第3段最后一句，选项C中show的行为主体应为similar study。2．[D]事实细节题。本题考查因果关系。第2段第2句指出有三个原因造成超过三分之二的地区得到的资金减少，选项A，B，C是对这三个原因的近义改写，但其中选项C与原句的形式分别最大，容易造成误选。3．[B]观点态度题。本题考查文章人物的观点。苏珊·阿斯贝的观点态度只能从第5段推断出，从这一段中的defended和record amount of funding可知她对教育部的拨款数是认同的。选项A和C都是贬义词，不可能表达她的观点；选项D虽是褒义词，但苏珊是在陈述已发生的事实。而不是发表对教育部的期望。4．[B]推理判断题。本题考查复合句的理解。文中提及汤姆·法甘的看法有第4段和第6段。选项C最具干扰性，要排除这个干扰，关键是要理解第6段第1句中由which引导的非限制性定语从句的作用、这个从句是对前面“the Bush administration’s stgnature education program”的附加事实信息，不属于汤姆·法甘的看法。5．[C]推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第2句中的anger和tension两词，可推断人们对此表示不满。
A new technology is going to ripe, one that could transform our dally lives, help to form new industries, even unseat world economic powers. Unlike the wave of industrialization that began in the West and spread later to the rest of the world, the new developments are taking place in research labs all over the globe—and Asians are in the forefront. Physicists are grinding out a new class of materials that display an amazing property unanticipated even two years ago—superconductivity.Used today only in specialized equipment, super conductors have the potential to radically alter most of the electrical and electronic appliances found in the home, making them smaller, more powerful and efficient. They could free our cities of pollution by replacing petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles with electric cars, and cut the cost of electricity. The new materials do something that even the best of conductors such as copper and silver cannot—they eliminate all electrical resistance. The implications for energy storage even on the scale of the needs of an entire city—are immense.The technology is in its infancy, still accessible to countries that decide to invest brains and money. For 75 years it had remained little more than a scientific curiosity with lir0ited practical use. Reason: the phenomenon occurred only at extremely low temperatures. It was first observed in 1911 by a Dutch scientist named Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who cooled mercury to temperatures below -269℃ with liquid helium (氦). Then in January last year, two IBM scientists, K. Alex Muller and J. George Bednorz, found a metal oxide ceramic (氧化陶瓷) that super conducted at -243℃. Their report went largely unnoticed until last December, when it was verified at a scientific meeting in Boston. Today Japan, India, China and other Asian countries all have their share of workaholics who spend their days and nights in labs, acting as midwives to a new technology.1 As is indicated in the passage, the technology of superconductivity _______-.A. has already been developedB. is still under developmentC. will be used only in specialized equipmentD. will be used in daily lives in a few years2. The new technology differs from the others in that _______--.A. it began in the East and spread later to the rest of the worldB. it began in the West and spread later to the rest of the worldC. it is being cultivated in research labs around the worldD. it is accessible to physicists who are intelligent and rich3. What does the author most probably think of the changes the new technology will bring to the world?A. Sophisticated. B. Variable.C. Practical. D. Dramatic.4. From the passage, we may conclude that _______--.A. Asian scientists gain the lead in the growth of the new technologyB. Dutch scientists kept reporting new findings for the last 75 yearsC. IBM scientists' report receive immediate attention all over the worldD. the West was astonished at the new technology developed by the Asians5. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. The Prospect of a New TechnologyB. Superconductivity: A New TechnologyC. A New Technology: The Key to Change the Way of Our LivesD. A New Technology: A Joint Effort of Many Countries1．[B]推理判断题。从第1段首句及第3段首句可推断选项B正确，从而也否定了选项A。第2段第1句表明超导材料现在只用于专业设备，但并没有如选项C那样指出将来也这样。选项D文中并无提及。2．[C]事实细节题。本题考查对比处。第1段的第2句对比了新技术与以前的技术的区别，选项B描述的是the wave of industrialization(工业化浪潮)的发展情况。该句明确指出该技术在世界各地都有开发，从而否定了选项A。文中只在第1段最后一句提及physicists，但没有就这一方面对比，因此选项D与本题关系不大。3．[D]观点态度题。从词汇的使用推测。根据文章开头句以及第2段中的描述或抓住一些关键词如transform， help to form， unseat， radically alter， free， implications，immense等可以推断出答案：新技术给全球带来的变化和影响将是“巨大的”，其他选项均不确切。4．[A]推理判断题。根据第1段第2句中“…and Asians are in the forefront” 以及结尾段的最后一句可推断答案为选项A。选项B将最后一段中的for 75 years和Dutch scientist等信息拼凑在一起，因此不是事实。选项C明显与最后一段倒数第2句的事实相悖。文章虽有多处指出亚洲国家对这项新技术的研究较为领先，但没有表明这使西方国家震惊，因此选项D没有原文依据。5．[B]主旨大意题。全文第1段首先提出一项新技术，第2段说明了这项技术的发展潜能，最后一段介绍这项新技术的发展状况，因此选项B最具概括性。其他选项都只是概括了某一段的中心意思，不能概括全文。
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