保罗·高更(Paul Gauguin,1848-1903)法国后印象派画家、雕塑家,与梵高、塞尚并称为后印象派三大巨匠,对现当代绘画的发展有着非常深远的影响。 高更在临终之前, 把自己的全部精力都投入到这幅画中。 这幅画的名字是: 我们从哪里来?我们是谁?我们往哪里去? 高更生于法国巴黎,他把绘画的本质看作是某种独立于自然之外的东西,当成记忆中经验的一种创造,而不是一般所认为的那种通过反复写生而直接获得的知觉经验中的东西。 和大多数同时代的艺术家相比,他的探索在更大程度上受到原始艺术的影响,特别是他对南太平洋热带岛屿的风土人情极为痴迷,这似乎要从他的家族背景和成长经历中追根溯源了。 英国作家毛姆曾以高更的经历为蓝本写过一部著名的小说《月亮和六便士》,其中虽对高更的生平与人格不尽真实,但也正是这部小说让高更出众的才华与过人的勇气得到世人关注,而高更的人生经历以及他的画作所体现出的对于现代文明的深刻反思非常具有典型性的。 本文由公号哲学之路编辑发布 高更在技法上采用色彩平涂,注重和谐而不强调对比,《讲道以后的幻景》就是这种艺术处理的代表作。他的绘画风格与印象主义迥然不同,强烈的轮廓线以及用主观化色彩表现经过概括和简化了的形体,都服从于几何形图案,从而取得音乐性、节奏感和装饰效果。其理论和实践影响了一大批画家,被誉为继印象主义之后在法国画坛上产生重要影响的艺术革新者。 1897年2月,高更完成了创作生涯中最大的一幅油画: '我们从哪里来?我们是谁?我们往哪里去?'。这幅画,用他的话来说,'其意义远远超过所有以前的作品;我再也画不出更好的有同样价值的画来了。在我临终以前我已把自己的全部精力都投人这幅画中了。 本文由公号哲学之路编辑发布 这里有多少我在种种可怕的环境中所体验过的悲伤之情,这里我的眼睛看得多么真切而且未经校正,以致一切轻率仓促的痕迹荡然无存,它们看见的就是生活本身……整整一个月,我一直处在一种难以形容的癫狂状态之中,昼夜不停地画着这幅画……尽管它有中间调子,但整个风景完全是稳定的蓝色和韦罗内塞式的绿色。所有的裸体都以鲜艳的橙黄色突出在风景前面。' 在恶劣的环境中,以痛苦的热情和清晰的幻觉来描绘,因此画面看起来毫无急躁的迹象,反而洋溢着生气。没有模特儿,没有画技,没有一般所谓的绘画规则。' 画面色彩单纯而富神秘气息,平面手法使之富有东方的装饰性与浪漫色彩。在斑驳绚丽、如梦如幻的画面中,暗寓着画家哲理性的对生命意义的追问。 油画《黄色的基督》,以其平铺的块面、浓重的色彩、大胆的轮廓线以及简约的造型,反映出高更'综合主义'绘画的风格特点。整个画面被前景的人物、十字架的垂直立柱以及顶端的水平横木所支撑。田野、天空及十字架的道道条状的形,与妇女及树木图像圆转起伏的曲线,产生鲜明对比;那平直延展的形,与圆曲封闭的形,形成强烈的对照。所有物象都统一于一种明快而简约的图形中。色彩虽然华丽,却显示出布列顿景色的天然质朴;妇女的形象虽显得优雅,然而其庄稼人的气质却仍是一目了然。 Clearing In the forest Saint Cloud II In the forest Saint Cloud The Forest Path Working the land Cail Factories and Quai of Grenelle Chicken Coop Landscape with Poplars Mette asleep on a sofa Pears and grapes Port de Grenelle The Seine at the Pont d'Iena The Seine in Paris The Seine opposite the wharf de passy The Seine, Pont d'Iena, Snowing Bouquet of Peonies on a Musical Score China Asters, Hat and Book Daisies and peonies in blue vase Man with a Toque Port de Javel Still life with oysters Still life with red mullet and jug Autumn Landscape (Farm and pond) Portrait of a child (Aline Gauguin) Portrait of Claude Antoine Charles Favre Portrait of Ingeborg Thaulow The embroiderer or Mette Gauguin Apple-Trees in Blossom Geese on the farm Riverside (Breton landscape) Snow at Vaugirard The market gardens of Vaugirard Vaugirard church Winter Landscape Clay jug and irin mug Flowers and carpet (Pansies) Houses at Vaugirard Mandolin on a chair Still life with fruit plate To Make a Bouquet Banks of the Oise Corner of the garden rue Carsal Flowers and carpet Interior of the Painter’s House, rue Carcel Party wall Pissarro’s Garden, Pontoise Pond with Ducks (Girl Amusing Herself) River bank in winter Still life with Oranges Still life. Vase with flowers on the window The Queen’s Mill Young Girl Dreaming (Study of a Child Asleep) Bouquet of Sunflowers At the Window Aube the Sculptor and His Son Blue Barge Bouquet of flowers Flowers and Japanese book Gratte roosters path Mountain landscape Quarries at Pontoise Aline Gauguin and one of her brothers Double portrait of a young girl (Mademoiselle Lafuite) Farm in Osny Garden In Rue Carcel Harbour Scene, Dieppe Ingeborg Thaulow Mandolina and Flowers Osny, rue de Pontoise, Winter Quarry hole in the cliff Stream in Osny Street in Osny The farm in Grue The garden in winter, rue Carcel Tomatoes and a pewter tankard on a table Village street, Osny A Henhouse Abandoned garden in Rouen An Orchard under the Church of Bihorel Basket of flowers Blue roofs of Rouen Bouquet Bust of a Nude Girl Clovis Gauguin asleep Hillside Landscape near Onsy Mette Gauguin in an Evening Dress Nasturtiums & dahlias in a basket Near Rouen Normandy Landscape-Cow in a Meadow Notre Dame des Agnes Orchard under the Church of Bihorel (Children in the Pasture) Osny, the gate of Busagny farm Portrait of a seated man Portrait of Aline Portrait of Isidore Gauguin Returning from the harvest (Manuring) Rouen at spring Rouen suburb Rue Jouvenet, Rouen Skaters in Fredericksberg park Street in Rouen Sunken Lane The artist’s children The cliffs of Le-Bouille The Port Of Rouen The road up The Square Pong Two Cows in the Meadow Vase of Peonies Wooded Path Young Woman Lying in a Grass Paul Gauguin and wife Mette, Copenhagen Bare Trees Bathing, Dieppe Boy by the Water By the Stream, Autumn Cattle Drinking Cliff near Dieppe Conversation Dahlias in a copper vase Donkey by Lane Evening Primroses in the Vase Flower and a Bird Geese in the meadow Haymaking near Dieppe Horse and Cow in a Meadow Landscape with cows in an Orchard Lilac bouquet Oestervold Park, Copenhagen Pere Jean’s Path Portrait of Achille Granchi Taylor Portrait of Philibert Favre Red roof by the water Self Portrait Stabble near Dieppe Still Life of Onions and Pigeons and Room Interior in Copenhagen Still Life with a Mandolin Still life with carafe and ceramic figure The Forest Edge Two vases of flowers and a fan Watering Place White House Willows Winter’s End Women bathing (Dieppe) Bathing in Front of the Port of Pont-Aven Bathing Place Bordeaux Harbour Breton Woman Clovis Coastal Landscape Cows on the Seashore Farm in Brittany Fire by the Water Four Breton Women Fruit in a Bowl Fruit Landscape at Pont-Aven Lollichon Field Lollichon’s Field and the Church of Pont-Aven Pont-Aven woman and child Pots and Boquets Red Hat Rocks and Sea Schooner and three masters Stabble near Dieppe Still Life with Cherries Still life with horse’s head Still Life with Profile of Laval Still life with white bowl Suburb under snow La Belle Angele The boss’s daughter The vase of nasturtiums Vase of Flowers Washerwomen at Pont-Aven A Litter Washerman A Seashore Around the Huts At the Pond Coastal Landscape from Martinique Huts under Trees Madame Alexandre Kohler Mango pickers (Martinique) Martinique Landscape Meadow in Martinique Palm trees on Martinique Still life with mangoes and hibiscus Tropical Conversation Tropical Landscape, Martinique Two Girls Bathing Breton Woman and Goose by the Water A little cat Apples in bowl Aven running through Pont-Aven Blue Trees Bouquet of Flowers with a Window Open to the Sea (Reverse of Hay-Making in Brittany) Breton Boy by the Aven River Breton Boys Wrestling Breton Fisherman Breton girls dancing Breton Woman with a Pitcher Breton Women at the Turn Captain Jacob Cottages on Mount Sainte Marguerite Cove opposite Pont-Aven Harbor Étude pour La Ronde des petites Bretonnes Fisherman and bathers on the Aven Fruits Grape Harvest at Arles Haymaking in Brittany Head of a Breton (Marie Louarn) In the Heat (The Pigs) Kneeling cow Landscape at Arles Landscape near Arles Landscape of Brittany Landscape with geese Lane at alchamps, Arles Laveuses à Arles Les Alyscamps Little breton bather Madame Roulin Mas, near Arles Meadow at the banks of Aven Night Cafe, Arles Self-Portrait with Portrait of Gauguin, Emile Bernard Still-Life with Three Puppies The Painter of Sunflowers (Portrait of Vincent van Gogh) The Wave the swineherd brittany The Vision After The Sermon (Jacob Wrestling With The Angel) Washerwomen At Roubine Du Roi Self-portrait with Halo At the Beach At the Black Rocks Beach at Le Pouldu Bonjour Monsieur Gauguin Breton Eve Breton Women Human Misery, from the Volpini Suite In the waves (Odine) Jeune Bretonne au bord de la mer Pleasures of Brittany Portrait of Meijer de Haan by Lamplight Seated Breton Girl Self Portrait as “Christ on the Mount of Olives” The Flageolet Player On The Cliff The Green Christ or The Calvary The Ham The milkmaid Madame la Mort Meules de foin en Bretagne Nirvana (also known as Portrait of Meyer de Hasn) Portraits of Paul and Jean Schuffenecker Landscape with Black Pigs and a Crouching Tahitian atelier schuffenecker Faaturuma (Mélancolie) Orana Maria portrait of suzanne bambridge Road in Tahiti Tahitian Women on the Beach Te vahine fa'atūruma (La Boudeuse) The Loss of Virginity (The Awakening of Spring) The Man with an Axe Tiare Farani (Flowers of France) Vahine no te tiare (Woman with a Flower) Young Man with a Flower Behind His Ear The Sacred Mountain (Parahi Te Marae) Are You Jealous?(Aha Oe Feii) Joyeusete la siesta Landscape with Blue Trees Landscape with Peacocks Mata mua - In Olden Times Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?) Parau na te Varua ino (Words of the Devil) Tahitian women under the palms Te aa no Areois (The seed of the Areoi) The morning Woman with a Mango sprit of the dead Women at the Riverside Gauguin, Mucha, & friends at Rue de la Grande Chaumière, Paris Among The Lillies Illustration in the Noa-Noa Album, Tahiti MoMA Noa Noa Suite-Delightful Land Portrait of Louis Roy Self Portrait with Palette Self Portrait Self-Portrait in a Hat Tahitian mountains Tahitian Pastorals Te Atua (The Gods) Tehamana Has Many Parents (The Ancestors Of Tehamana) Breton Peasant Women ('Paysannes bretonnes’) Christmas Night (The Blessing of the Oxen) Farm In Brittany Flowers In A Fruit Bowl Landscape in Brittany - The David Mill Lying Girl Afraid of Spirits of the Dead Mahana no Atua (Day of the Gods, Jour de Dieu) Paris in the Snow Sacred Spring The Guitar Player Upaupa Schneklud (The Player Schneklud) The Child Canoe and Tahitian Family No te aha oe Riri Portrait Of A Young Woman, Vaite (Jeanne) Goupil Savage Poems scene from tahitian life Self Portrait (Place of the Skull) self portrait Still Life With Teapot And Fruits Te Arii Vahine (The King’s Wife) Te tamari no atua (The birth of a Christ) Trois Tahitiennes, Paul Gauguin Vase Of Flowers Where Do We Come From?What Are We?Where Are We Going? Nevermore (O Taiti) Bathers at Tahiti The White Horse Two Tahitian Women Three Tahitian Women Against a Yellow Background three tahitians woman_boy Tahitian Woman with Evil Spirit And the Gold of Their Bodies Flight Still Life With L'Esperance Still life with sunflowers on armchair tahitian idyll Tahitian Woman And Two Children Two Women aka Mother and Daughter Crouching Tahitian Woman Girl With A Fan Nativité Still life with Parrots The Magician of Hivaoa Two women(a.k.a Flowered hair) Human Misery, from the Volpini Suite Pleasures of Brittany MoMA Noa Noa Suite-Delightful Land Lying Girl Afraid of Spirits of the Dead |
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