本文引用格式:北京大学第一医院妇产科——世界卫生组织妇儿保健研究培训合作中心 北京大学妇儿保健中心, 世界卫生组织西太平洋地区办公室, 联合国儿童基金会驻华办事处. 剖宫产术新生儿早期基本保健技术临床实施建议[J] . 中华围产医学杂志, 2022, 25(2) : 81-87. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20210918-00805 2013 年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)西太平洋地区(简称西太区)办公室提出了“新生儿早期基本保健(early essential newborn care, EENC)技术”的概念,旨在减少新生儿死亡和改善新生儿结局。2016年我国引入EENC。既往EENC的临床实施建议和专家共识主要针对经阴道分娩的新生儿。在WHO西太区和联合国儿童基金会驻华办事处的支持下,WHO妇儿保健研究培训合作中心牵头,联合北京大学第一医院、西北妇女儿童医院、四川省妇幼保健院和宁夏医科大学总医院等4家医院开展了剖宫产术EENC的临床研究,并在基于循证医学证据和实践经验基础上撰写本实施建议。希望通过本实施建议,可以帮助有条件的医疗机构开展剖宫产术EENC。本临床实施建议第一部分为根据国内试点地区试行情况制定的剖宫产术EENC实施流程;第二部分为剖宫产术EENC相关技术的循证医学证据。 【关键词】 婴儿护理;婴儿,新生;剖宫产术;循证医学 第一部分 剖宫产术EENC实施流程 本建议是在多中心进行剖宫产术EENC研究的基础上进行的。为保证母婴安全,实施对象仅适用于符合以下情况的孕产妇:选择性剖宫产;足月单胎;硬膜外麻醉、蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉(简称腰麻)或腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉;无严重妊娠并发症/合并症;手术过程中未发生需要紧急处理的严重母儿并发症的孕产妇及其新生儿。 一、剖宫产手术前准备 1.健康教育:在孕期和剖宫产手术前,医生和助产士应向孕妇及其家属介绍EENC的内容和注意事项,如SSC和母乳喂养等,使孕妇及其家属了解、接受并积极配合开展EENC。医护人员应告知孕产妇及家属注意手卫生、咳嗽礼仪等感染防护措施,接触新生儿前要洗手。要告知孕产妇及其家属如何进行母乳喂养,观察新生儿呼吸、肤色等危险体征,如发现新生儿及产妇异常,应及时通知医生或助产士。告知新生儿洗澡、脐带护理和疫苗接种等其他保健内容。 4.环境和物品准备:(1)环境要求:除符合剖宫产手术室环境要求外,如果准备进行EENC,则建议保持手术室室温在25~26 °C,同时避免空气对流。(2)物品准备:常规准备剖宫产手术所需设备、手术器械、敷料。此外需准备 2块无菌干净的治疗巾,以及无菌脐带夹,置于器械台。此外,还需准备新生儿包被和帽子,放置于产妇头部,在SSC时对新生儿进行保暖。 在助产士或护士帮助母婴进行SSC的过程中,根据产妇状态以及实际情况,在确保新生儿和产妇安全的前提下,可以引导和协助产妇用手臂护住新生儿。同时,医护人员应持续观察新生儿和产妇的状况,发现异常及时进行相应处理。在进行SSC时,医护人员应观察新生儿是否出现觅乳征象(如张大嘴、流口水、舔舌或嘴唇、寻找或爬行动作等)。当新生儿出现觅乳征象后,医护人员应帮助和鼓励产妇进行乳头含接和母乳喂养。 剖宫产术EENC实施流程见图1。 第二部分 剖宫产术EENC相关技术的循证依据 关于剖宫产术SSC对新生儿体温的影响,目前研究较少。2021年,越南学者的研究显示,新生儿转入NICU时体温过低的比例从开展剖宫产术EENC前的5.0%降至开展后的3.7%(RR=0.73,95%CI:0.63~0.84)[19]。但对359例剖宫产产妇术中体温的队列研究发现,23%的孕产妇进行剖宫产手术会发生低体温[8,22]。剖宫产术产妇低体温是否影响新生儿体温,仍不明确[23],需要进一步开展更多的研究和临床实践。此外,也有个别文献报告在剖宫产术后立即开展SSC的过程中发生诸如新生儿突发意外衰竭、跌落和窒息等意外,因此需要在实施SSC期间加强对母婴的监护[8,24-25]。 研究显示DCC能够促进胎盘-新生儿输血,增加新生儿出生时的血容量,提升铁储备,降低婴幼儿贫血风险[26-27]。与阴道分娩时胎儿娩出后实施DCC相比,剖宫产术实施DCC的研究相对较少。Andersson等[28]比较了64例择期剖宫产DCC(≥30 s)、166例阴道分娩后立即(≤10 s)结扎脐带和168例阴道分娩DCC(≥180 s)产妇的4月龄婴儿的铁储备状况,结果显示剖宫产DCC婴儿的铁蛋白浓度显著高于阴道分娩立即结扎脐带的婴儿(MD=39 μg/L,95%CI:10~60 μg/L),与阴道分娩DCC婴儿的铁储备差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Sun等[29]将338例剖宫产孕妇随机分为DCC组(搏动消失后结扎脐带)和对照组(生后60 s内结扎),发现DCC组胎盘残留血量[(46.3±30.2)与(95.3±67.0)ml,P<0.001]和产后出血量较少[(156.8±87.4)与(221.6±197.2) ml,P<0.001]、新生儿足跟血血红蛋白浓度[(188.5±14.3)与(171.7±10.8) g/L,P<0.001]和红细胞压积较高[(51.6±6.2)%与(45.1±4.3)%,P<0.001]。Chantry等[30]对39例剖宫产分娩的新生儿实施DCC,并与112例未实施DCC的剖宫产新生儿进行比较,结果显示新生儿实施DCC的产妇失血量减少[(691±218)与(864±442)ml,P=0.003]、输血需求降低[2.7%(1/37)与18.8%(21/112),P=0.016]、新生儿贫血率降低[3.3%(1/30)与4/10,P=0.012],但新生儿NICU入院率差异无统计学意义[8.1%(3/37)与7.1%(8/112),P>0.999]。此外,DCC并不会使剖宫产产妇的出血量增加,其安全性已经随机对照研究证实[31]。因此本建议中关于DCC的部分仍然建议参照“专家共识(2020)”[5],即建议生后结扎脐带的时机为脐动脉搏动消失或生后1~3 min。 执笔专家:张小松(北京大学第一医院)、王雪茵(北京大学第一医院)、杨慧霞(北京大学第一医院) 参与撰写的专家(按姓氏拼音排序):Howard Sobel(世界卫生组织西太平洋地区办公室)、John Murray(世界卫生组织西太平洋地区办公室)、曹引丽(西北妇女儿童医院)、冯嘉蕾(北京大学第一医院)、高岩(四川省妇幼保健院)、金曦(中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心)、黄小娜(联合国儿童基金会驻华办事处)、隽娟(北京大学第一医院)、李曌(世界卫生组织西太平洋地区办公室)、刘军(北京大学第一医院)、马淑琴(宁夏医科大学总医院)、邱银萍(宁夏医科大学总医院)、田晓波(联合国儿童基金会驻华办事处)、谭玲(四川省妇幼保健院)、徐韬(中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心)、王雪茵(北京大学第一医院)、王梅玉(宁夏医科大学总医院)、严文萍(西北妇女儿童医院)、杨萍(宁夏医科大学总医院)、杨慧霞(北京大学第一医院)、张琳[国际救助儿童(英国)北京代表处]、张小松(北京大学第一医院)、张安平(四川省妇幼保健院)、张小芹(西北妇女儿童医院)、邹红霞(西北妇女儿童医院) 利益冲突 所有作者声明无利益冲突 参考文献 [1] UNICEF, World HeaIth Organization, WorldBank Group, et al. 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