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, ; : Pausing points , Comma 逗号的用法通常分为conventional 或是 mechanical Numbers 四位数字的第一位后面加逗号。例外情况包括年份、页码和街道地址。 Example: We sold 1,270 rare books last year; the most expensive sold for $5,255. Degrees and certifications 像这样的Jr. and Inc.省略逗号 Example: 1.David White Jr. is the father of David White III. 2.He was formerly a senior vice president at Apple Inc. 但当学位或证书显示在某人姓名后时，应使用逗号隔开。
Direct address 当直接称呼某人时，此人的姓名或头衔应该用逗号隔开
Dates 当一个日期由一个月的某一天和一年组成时，该月的某一天后面应该跟一个逗号。如果在月份之前提供了星期几，则星期几后面应加逗号。 当日期出现在句子的中间时，逗号应该出现在年份前后。
当月份和年份是日期中仅有的两个元素时，在两者之间不使用逗号。
British style将月和日颠倒，这样就不需要逗号了。 Example： Her arrival on 11 April 1988 was considered a turning point for the company. Geographic references 逗号应用于分隔地理元素。句中最后的地理元素后也应该加逗号。 Example： The company is headquartered in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The listing comma 逗号分隔一系列单词、短语或独立从句 Example： 1.For your entree, you may choose vegetarian pasta, beef, chicken, or salmon. 2.Jane will bring the food, Jose will bring the drinks, John will bring the music, and Jackie will bring the cops. Multiple adjectives 当一个名词被一个以上的形容词修饰时，每个形容词都独立修饰该名词，形容词之间应该用逗号分隔。在这种用法中，逗号代替连词和。 Example： 1.The wine offered a fragrant, captivating bouquet. 2.It was a long, noisy, nauseating flight. 当有三个或三个以上的修饰形容词时，完全可以将它们作为常规的列表。When there are three or more modifying adjectives, it is perfectly acceptable to treat them as a conventional list and include the conjunction and. Example： It was a long, noisy, and nauseating flight. 如果顺序形容词不单独修饰名词，则不应用逗号分隔。
当一个形容词或副词被重复强调时，逗号是必需的。
Nonessential explanations 逗号最重要的功能是分隔非限制性或非必要的信息
当解释或定义作为同位语appositive出现时，应该用逗号隔开。 Example： Mary Smith, a staff writer at the Times, recently wrote a book on that subject. that用作限制性代词，因此不使用逗号。which为非限制性代词，需要逗号 Example： 1.John’s cars that are leased are never kept clean. 2.John’s cars, which are leased, are never kept clean. 当一个单词或短语出现在句子的中间Interrupting elements，开头Introductory matter，或跟在句子末尾的主句后面时Afterthoughts，通常应该用逗号将其与主句隔开。 Example： 1.Your work has been, frankly, awful. 2.To be honest, I didn’t enjoy the food. 3.We will not be attending the reception, however. ; Semicolon 一般认为分号的程度就是比逗号强，但比句号弱。分号可以替换为句号，因为每个独立子句都是一个完整的句子。然而，分号强调了这两个子句之间的联系。 Coordinating conjunction 当省略并列连词（for、and、nor、but、or、yet、so）时，分号用于两个独立子句（即可以作为独立句子的子句）之间。
分号也用于由过渡表达式连接的两个独立子句之间 (e.g.,accordingly,consequently,forexample,nevertheless, so, thus). Example: 1.Heavy snow continues to fall at the airport; consequently, all flights have been grounded. 2.Hyperinflation makes it extremely difficult to keep track of prices; thus a quart of milk might cost $10 in the morning and $200 in the afternoon. In lists with internal commas 在带有内部逗号的列表中使用分号，类似于超级逗号用法。 Example: The new store will have groceries on the lower level; luggage, housewares, and electronics on the ground floor; men’s and women’s clothing on the second floor; and books, music, and stationery on the third floor. In elliptical constructions 省略结构中，当与逗号组合时，逗号可用作省略号 Example: 1.In 1992, Starbucks had fewer than 200 stores; in 2002, almost 20,000. 2.Some people brought food; others, clothing; yet others, merely a willingness to help. ： Colon 冒号有三种语法用法和几种非语法用法 Grammatical uses Introduce a list of items 用作举例一系列列表 Example: The bookstore specializes in three subjects: art, architecture, and graphic design. 注意当列出的项目被合并到句子中时，不要使用冒号。
Separate two independent clauses 用于在第二个独立句子解释或说明第一个独立句子时。在这种用法中，冒号的作用方式与分号基本相同。与分号一样，不要将冒号后的第一个单词大写，除非该单词通常大写。
当两个或多个句子跟在冒号后面时，请将冒号后面的第一个单词大写。 Example: He made three points: First, the company was losing over a million dollars each month. Second, the stock price was lower than it had ever been. Third, no banks were willing to loan the company any more money. Emphasis 在句末强调一个短语或一个单词 Example: After three weeks of deliberation, the jury finally reached a verdict: guilty. Five continents, three dozen countries, over a hundred cities: this was the trip of a lifetime. Non-grammatical uses Time 分隔小时和分钟，比如11:35 a.m. Ratio 表示两个数的比率，比如1:3 Biblical references 圣经对章节和诗句分开的引用，比如创世记Genesis 1:31 Other references To separate the volume from page numbers of a cited work 将卷与引用作品的页码分开
常用于商务和私人通信中 business and personal correspondence. |
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