 人类的脊椎是由20个叫做椎骨的脊椎骨组成，椎骨堆叠在一起形成脊柱。脊柱给身体提供主要的直立支撑。 The human spine is made up of twenty for spinal bones called vertebrae, the vertebra stacked on top of one another to create the spinal column. The spinal column gives the body its main upright support. 脊柱弯曲Spine curves 从侧面看，脊柱形成三条曲线，位于颈部的称为颈椎弯曲，稍微向内弯曲，中背部或胸椎向外弯曲，胸椎向外的弯曲称为后凸。下背部也叫腰椎弯曲，稍微向内弯曲，脊柱向内弯曲称为前凸。 From the side, the spine forms three curves, the neck called a cervical spine curves slightly inward, the mid back or thoracic spine curves outward. The outward curve of the thoracic spine is called kyphosis. The low back also called the lumbar spine curves slightly inward. An inward curve of the spine is called lordosis. 骨Bone 腰椎是由下五位椎体组成的，医生通常称这些椎体为L1-L5。腰椎的最低节腰椎L5与骶骨顶部相连，脊椎底部的三角形骨，位于两块盆骨之间。骶骨两侧各有一个连接骶骨和骨盆的连接处。这个关节被称为骶髂关节或SI关节。 The lumbar spine is made up of the lower five vertebra, doctors often refer to these vertebra as L1-L5; the lowest vertebra of the lumbar spine L5 connects to the top of the sacrum, a triangular bone at the base of the spine that fits between the two pelvic bones. There is a join on each side of the sacrum that connects the sacrum to the pelvis. This joint is called the Sacroiliac joint or SI joint. 每根脊椎骨都是由一块叫做椎体的圆形骨块构成的，与脊柱的其他部分相比， 腰椎椎体更高，体积更大。这部分是因为腰椎必须承受来自体重和日常活动(如举重、负重和扭腰)的压力。 Each vertebra is formed by a round block of bone called a vertebral body. The lumbar vertebral bodies are taller and bulkier compared to the rest of the spine. This is partly because the lumbar spine has to withstand pressure from the body weight and from daily actions like lifting, carrying and twisting. 椎管Spinal canal 每个椎体后面都有一个骨环，当椎体叠在一起时，这些环形成一个空心管称为椎管。当脊髓穿过脊柱时，骨管包裹着脊髓。就像头骨保护大脑一样,脊柱的骨头保护脊髓。 A bony ring attaches to the back of each vertebral body, when the vertebra are stacked on top of one another, these rings form a hollow tube call the spinal canal. This bony tubes surrounds a spinal cord as it passes through the spine, just as the skull protects the brain, the bones of the spinal column protect the spinal cord. 脊髓Spinal cord 脊髓从大脑延伸出来,直到L2椎体水平以下，脊髓分裂成一束神经，到达下肢和盆腔器官，这束神经的拉丁语术语是马尾巴，意思是马尾。 The spinal cord extends from the brain to the L2 vertebra below this level, the spinal cord splits into a bundle of nerves that goes to the lower limbs and pelvic organs. The latin term for this bundle of nerves is Cauda Equina meaning horse's tail. 当脊髓从大脑向下穿过脊椎时，发出每个椎体侧面的神经, 称为神经根。这些神经根连接在一起，形成了遍布全身的神经，形成了身体的电信号传导系统。 As the spinal cord travels from the brain down through the spine, It sends out nerves on the side of each vertebra called nerve roots. These nerve roots joined together to form the nerves that traveled throughout the body and formed the body's electrical system. 来自腰椎的神经根形成了到达下肢和骨盆的神经，胸椎神经通向腹部和胸部，这些神经来自于颈椎，一直向外周到达颈部，肩部，手臂和手。 The nerve roots that come out of the lumbar spine form the nerves that go to the lower limbs and pelvis, the thoracic spine nerves go to the abdomen and chest. the nerves coming out of the cervical spine, go to the neck, shoulders, arms and hands. 脊椎阶段Spinal segment 有时候，通过观察单个脊椎节段更容易理解脊椎中发生的事情。脊椎节段包括两个椎骨、椎间盘(两椎骨之间)、在该水平离开脊髓的两个神经根，以及连接脊柱每一节段的小关节。 It is sometimes easier to understand what happens in the spine by looking at a single spinal segment. A spinal segment includes two vertebra, the intervertebral Disc, between, the two nerve roots that leave the spinal cord at that level, and the small facet joints that link each level of the spinal column. 椎间盘由两部分组成。这个中心叫做髓核，是海绵状的，起着减震器的作用来缓冲每个椎体之间的力量，髓核周围环绕着一系列坚固的韧带环，称为纤维环。韧带是由坚固的结缔组织构成的 把一块骨头和另一块骨头连接起来，纤维环实际上是一种特殊的韧带，能够将两块椎骨连接在一起。 An intervertebral Disc is made up of two parts. The center called the nucleus Pulposus is spongy and acts like a shock absorber to cushion the force between each vertebra. The nucleus is surrounded by a series of strong ligaments rings called the annulus fibrosus. Ligaments are made of strong connective tissue and connect one bone to another. The annulus fibrosus is actually a special ligament, that connects two vertebrae together. 每个节段的椎体之间有两个小关节，小关节位于脊柱的后部，每对椎骨之间有两个小平面连接，在脊柱两侧各有一个，小关节是从腰椎后方的椎体伸出的一个小的骨性凸起（关节突）。在这些关节突相遇的地方，它们形成了连接两个椎骨的滑膜关节。 Between the vertebrae of each spinal segment are two facet joints. the facet joints are located on the back of the spinal column. There are two facet joins between each pair of vertebra, one on each side of the spine. A facet joint is a small, bony knob that sticks out from the vertebral body at the back of the lumbar spine. Where these knobs meet they form a synovial joint that connects the two vertebra, 腰椎的小关节突关节以滑动运动的方式一起运动，当你向前和向后弯曲的时候 小关节表面被关节软骨覆盖。关节软骨是光滑的，弹性材料覆盖大部分关节的末端，使骨头之间的运动没有摩擦。 The facet joints of the lumbar spine moved together in a sliding motion, as you bend forward and backward. The surfaces of the facet joints are covered by articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is a smooth, rubbery material that covers the ends of most joints. It allows the bones to move against each other smoothly without friction. 两个脊神经根从每个节段的两侧伸出，一个在左边，一个在右边，当神经离开脊髓时，他们穿过脊椎两侧的一个叫做神经孔的小的骨隧道。 Two spinal nerve roots exit the sides of each spinal segment, one on the left and one on the right. As the nerves leave the spinal cord, they passed through a small bony tunnel on each side of the vertebra called a neural foramen. 肌肉Muscle 腰椎由一组复杂的韧带和肌肉支撑，韧带分层排列，向多个方向运动，它们将腰椎的骨头与骶骨和骨盆连接起来， The lumbar spine is supported by a complex set of ligaments and muscles. Ligaments are arranged in layers and run in multiple directions, where they connect the bones of the lumbar spine to the sacrum and pelvis. 下背部的肌肉也呈层状排列，那些最接近表面的被一种叫做筋膜的厚组织所覆盖，中间层在肋骨下部、胸部和下背部上下移动。它们与腰椎融合形成一个厚肌腱，与后骨盆和骶骨的骨结合。最深层的肌肉分布在脊柱的背部。 The muscles of the lower back are also arranged in layers, those closest to the surface are covered by a thick tissue called fascia. The middle layer runs up and down over the lower ribs, chest and low back. They blend in the lumbar spine to form a thick tendon that binds the bones of the low back pelvis and sacrum. The deepest layer of muscles runs along the back surface of the spine. 这些肌肉连接腰椎、骨盆和骶骨，并与腹部肌肉协调运动，以帮助在活动过程中保持脊柱稳定。 These muscles connect the lumbar vertebra, pelvis, and sacrum, and coordinate movement with the muscles of the abdomen to help hold the spine steady during activity. |
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