各种电机原理动态图 根本停不下来

电机(俗称'马达')是指依据电磁感应定律实现电能转换或传递的一种电磁装置。它的主要作用是产生驱动转矩，作为用电器或各种机械的动力源。

A motor (commonly known as a 'motor') refers to an electromagnetic device that realizes the conversion or transmission of electrical energy according to the law of electromagnetic induction. Its main role is to generate drive torque as a power source for electrical appliances or various machinery.

直流电机

交流电机

永磁电机

量子磁电机

单相感应电机

三相感应电机

无刷直流电机

永磁直流电机

步进式电机工作原理

平衡式电机

三相电机定子

鼠笼式电机

电机解剖图

电机磁场变化图

电动机主要包括一个用以产生磁场的电磁铁绕组或分布的定子绕组和一个旋转电枢或转子和其它附件组成。在定子绕组旋转磁场的作用下，其在电枢鼠笼式铝框中有电流通过并受磁场的作用而使其转动。

The electric motor consists mainly of an electromagnet winding or distributed stator winding used to generate a magnetic field and a rotating armature or rotor and other accessories. Under the action of the rotating magnetic field of the stator winding, it has a current passing through the armature cage aluminum frame and is rotated by the magnetic field.

定子（静止部分）

• 定子铁心：电机磁路的一部分，并在其上放置定子绕组；
• 定子绕组：是电动机的电路部分，通入三相交流电，产生旋转磁场；
• 机座：固定定子铁心与前后端盖以支撑转子，并起防护、散热等作用；
• Stator core: part of the magnetic circuit of the motor and place the stator winding on it;
• Stator winding: it is the circuit part of the motor, which is connected to three-phase alternating current and generates a rotating magnetic field;
• Frame: fix the stator core and the front and rear cover to support the rotor, and play a role in protection, heat dissipation, etc.;

转子（旋转部分）

• 转子铁心：作为电机磁路的一部分以及在铁心槽内放置转子绕组；
• 转子绕组：切割定子旋转磁场产生感应电动势及电流，并形成电磁转矩而使电动机旋转；
• Rotor core: as part of the magnetic circuit of the motor and place the rotor winding in the core slot;
• Rotor winding: cutting the stator rotating magnetic field to generate induced electromotive force and current, and forming an electromagnetic torque to make the motor rotate;

1、直流电动机

直流电机是将直流电能转换成机械能(直流电动机)或将机械能转换成直流电能(直流发电机)的旋转电机。它是能实现直流电能和机械能互相转换的电机。当它作电动机运行时是直流电动机，将电能转换为机械能；作发电机运行时是直流发电机，将机械能转换为电能。

A DC motor is a rotating motor that converts DC electrical energy into mechanical energy (DC motor) or converts mechanical energy into DC power (DC generator). It is a motor that can convert DC power and mechanical energy to each other. When it is used as a motor, it is a DC motor, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy; when it is a generator, it is a DC generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

▲ 直流电机的物理模型图

上图的直流电机的物理模型图，固定部分有磁铁，这里称作主磁极；固定部分还有电刷。转动部分有环形铁心和绕在环形铁心上的绕组。(其中2个小圆圈是为了方便表示该位置上的导体电势或电流的方向而设置的)

The physical model of the DC motor in the figure above has a magnet in the fixed part, which is called the main magnetic pole here; the fixed part also has an electric brush. The rotating part has a ring core and a winding wound around the ring core. (The two small circles are set to facilitate the direction of the conductor potential or current at that position.)

2、步进电机

3、单向异步电动机

异步电动机又称感应电动机，是由气隙旋转磁场与转子绕组感应电流相互作用产生的电磁转矩，从而实现机电能量转换为机械能量的一种交流电机。

Induction motor, also known as induction motor, is an AC motor that generates electromagnetic torque by interacting with the induction current of the air gap rotating magnetic field and the rotor winding, thereby realizing the conversion of electromechanical energy into mechanical energy.

▲ 一台拆开的单相异步电动机

永磁电机是利用永磁体提供磁场的电动机。电动机做功，需要2个条件，一个是存在磁场，另外一个是磁场中有运动的电流存在。

A permanent magnet motor is an electric motor that uses a permanent magnet to provide a magnetic field. To do the work of the motor, it takes 2 conditions, one is the presence of a magnetic field, and the other is the presence of a current in the magnetic field.

电机剖视图展示其工作原理：