山河往事 | 石涛的合肥游及名作《巢湖图》

巢

湖

图

CHAO

HU 

Lake

清代大画家石涛（1642~1708）于康熙三十三年（1695）5月，接受当时武英殿大学士李天馥和庐州太守张见阳的邀请,曾有难忘的庐州（合肥）之游。他在合肥住稻香楼，逗留和畅游周边名胜一月有余后，经南淝河入巢湖，准备由巢湖入长江沿水路返回扬州。谁知船行巢湖，大风骤起，连日不止，只得停舟靠岸。正是这“过巢湖阻风五七日”，石涛为我们留下了《巢湖图》这幅稀世珍宝。

《巢湖图》(设色纸本，纵96.5厘米，横41.5厘米) 现藏天津市艺术博物馆。该图描绘巢湖东北岸太姥庙即中庙周边的景致，是画家对自己泊舟巢湖岸边所见所感的写生佳作。作品上半部分，密密麻麻地书有三组共四首题诗及跋语，不仅记录他合肥之游和巢湖之行的行踪，还表现了他超凡脱俗的人生志趣和对朋友依依不舍的深厚感情。

清代大画家石涛曾游合肥，作有《巢湖图》，让安徽人特别是合肥人了解到三百多年前石涛来合肥的一段佳话，同时领略到巢湖之畔淳朴善良、文雅好客的民情风尚。

看画面左上方的第一组以行书写的题跋：

　　且喜无家杖笠轻，别君回首片湖明。

　　从来学道都非住，住处天然未可成。

　——乙亥夏月，合肥李容斋相国与太守张见阳两先生相招予，以昔时芝麓先生稻香楼施予为挂笠处。予性懒不能受，相谢而归。过巢湖阻风五七日作此。今与张见阳先生存之，以记平生游览之一云。清湘瞎尊者原济。

石涛在这里既交待了他受李天馥相国和张见阳太守招邀来合肥的缘由，又叙述了他途经巢湖时被风浪阻留，作此画赠与张见阳太守的过程。值得注意的是，题跋中说到的“芝麓先生”即大名鼎鼎的龚鼎孳，当时的稻香楼正是龚家别院。

巢湖竞帆 Sailing race on Chaohu Lake

上世纪80年代巢湖帆影 Sailing boats on Chaohu Lake in the 1980s

Shi Tao (1642 _1708), a well-known painter in the Qing Dynasty, produced a painting named Chaohu Lake when he visited Hefei more than 300 years ago. Through the painting, people of Anhui,especially of Hefei, got to know not only the story of Shi Tao’s stay in this city, but also the kindness and hospitality of the lakeside dwellers.

In May, 1695 A.D., Shi Tao visited Hefei at the invitation of two officials, Li Tianfu and Zhang Jianyang.Staying in Daoxiang Guesthouse and touring around for over a month, he was left with wonderful memories. On his way back to Yangzhou by water, however, he encountered a fierce wind lasting for days in Chaohu (also the name of the city where Chaohu Lake is located), and had to stay there for about a week. It was during this period that his masterpiece, Chaohu Lake, was born.

合肥 巢湖中庙夜景 Zhongmiao Temple at night

《巢湖图》上方题的第二组诗 , 是石涛以隶

书写的两首七律：

　　百八巢湖百八愁，游人至此不轻游。

　　无边山色排青影，一派涛声卷白头。

　　且蹈浮云登凤阁，慢寻浊酒问仙舟。

　　人生去往皆由定，始信神将好客留。

　　波中遥望凤崔巍，凤阁琳琅台壮哉。

　　楼在半空云在野，橹声如过雁声来。

　　巢湖地陷赤乌事，四邑水满至今灾。

　　几日东风泊沙渚，途穷对客强徘徊。

——中庙阻风登阁二首

这两首七律，是石涛遇风船泊巢湖中庙，登临寺庙三层高阁凤凰阁，远眺浩渺巢湖的写景抒怀之作。

Presently, Chaohu Lake (colored painting on Xuan Paper, 96.5 cm long, and 41.5 cm wide) is collected at Tianjin Art Museum. This painting,in which the scene around Taimu Temple (Zhongmiao Temple) on the northeast lakeshore was portrayed, is a great work reflecting what the painter saw and how he felt when he stayed there. On the upper half of the painting, he wrote four poems and some postscripts, recording the routes of his journeys in Hefei and Chaohu, and expressing his high aspirations as well as his strong affections towards his friends.

巢湖 Chaohu Lake

再看《巢湖图》上方中间的第三组题诗：

　　东风阻我巢湖边，十里五里一泊舟。

　　湖头人家白鹅岸，晚风香送荷花田。

　　水清苔碧鱼可数，金沙名地是何年。

　　主人爱客高且贤，下水采荷意颇坚。

　　谓客有花以诗赠，吾只爱诗不爱钱。

　　采荷偏采未开全，一枝菡萏最堪怜。

　　始信壶中别有天，插花相向情更颠。

　　欲开不开日复日，记程好事花当前。

　　——晚泊金沙河，田家以白菡萏一枝相送之，舟中数日不谢，与钱不受，索以诗赠之。

In the poem on the top left corner, Shi told us why Li Tianfu and Zhang Jianyang invited him to visit Hefei, and how this painting was produced as a gift to Zhang when he was stranded in Chaohu. It is worth noting that Mr. Zhilu mentioned in the postscripts was the pseudonym of Gong Dingzi, a famous litterateur in the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties, and the Daoxiang Guesthouse Shi stayed in was one of Gong’s residences at that time.

巢湖景色 Chaohu Lake

这首七古长诗记述画家泊舟巢湖遇到的一件雅事，与其说是在叙事咏物，不如说是对巢湖人美好品格的赞美。首联陈述被大风阻碍而泊舟湖边的原因，第二、三联描写湖岸田家所处水清苔绿、荷田送香的幽雅环境，以及田家恬静淡泊、怡然自得的幽静生活。这里没有市井喧嚣、没有人际倾轧，仿佛世外桃源，以至让人忘记了年轮转换，正是画家的心仪之地。第四、五联对岸边田家真诚待客的情感和纯朴贤惠的品格高度赞美，尤其是田家“爱诗不爱钱”的志趣，让画家由衷感佩。全诗娓娓道来，如山泉出涧，欢快跳荡，清冽甘甜，既洋溢着浓郁的生活气息，更饱蕴着深长的深情厚谊和动人的生活雅趣。

Another long poem on the painting, in which Shi wrote an interesting story taking place in Chaohu, is a eulogy to the qualities of local people. It is smooth and vivid with profound emotions, giving us a full description of the vitality and charm of local life.

来源：安徽画报