我最近参加了一个变焦研讨会,回顾了一本名为《21世纪的社会主义经济发展》的新书阿尔贝托加布里埃尔和埃利亚斯贾布尔。Gabriele 是意大利罗马 Sbilanciamoci 的高级研究员,Elias Jabbour 是巴西里约热内卢州立大学经济学院的助理教授。 你可以看到各种审稿人的评论(包括我自己的)和作者的回复(这里)。但下面是对这本书的更深思熟虑的评论。这本书的粉扑说,加布里埃利和贾布尔“对整个上个世纪社会主义经济建设的成败提供了一种新颖、平衡且具有历史根源的解释。” 正如Francesco Schettino的前言所说, “在这方面,有趣的是,大约一年前,国际知名经济学家 Branko Milanovic 在 El Pais 发表了一篇文章,认为中国的公共部门仅占国民经济的五分之一。整个国民经济,因此中国没有本质上的不同来自普通资本主义国家。” 米拉诺维奇的主张在他的著作《单独的资本主义》中得到了充分表达,他在书中描绘了“自由民主”(西方资本主义)和“政治资本主义”(专制中国)之间的二分法。这种二分法对我来说似乎是错误的。它的出现是因为,当然,米拉诺维奇从他的前提(未经证实)开始,即社会主义的替代生产方式和社会制度被永远排除在外,因为周围没有工人阶级有能力或愿意为此而战。 米兰诺维奇的弟子伊莎贝尔·韦伯也出版了一本广受好评的书,题为 《中国如何摆脱休克疗法》。 这已经产生了广泛而重要的这在学术左派圈子中产生了影响,得到了米兰诺维奇的认可。韦伯认为,随着中国经济从直接计划转向通过国家参与市场的间接调控,国家保持了对中国经济“制高点”的控制。事实上,“中国成长为全球资本主义并没有失去对其国内经济的控制。” 韦伯似乎认为中国至少在 1978 年邓小平领导下成为资本主义国家,此后的所有争论都是关于走多远,即是采取“休克疗法”还是温和地走向“更多资本主义”。但韦伯对中国国家的经济基础模棱两可。中国“成长为全球资本主义” ,但仍 “保持对制高点的控制”。 Gabrieli 和 Jabbour 对中国经济和国家的性质更加清楚。他们对中国的分析很微妙,但这显然是对米拉诺维奇关于中国是一种资本主义形式的论点的有力反驳,尽管它由政治家(?)而不是西方的资本家经营。作者不像韦伯那样坐立不安。相反,他们(正确地)辩称中国是一个“社会主义导向”的经济和国家,与资本主义、民主或专制非常不同。 “中国经济的成功不是资本主义的结果,而是向社会主义过渡的结果。这是一种超越资本主义的新社会经济形态(SEF)。” 作者认为,他们的术语“面向社会主义的”是有用的,因为它“很容易理解其普通意义”,即“官方和可信地声称参与旨在建立、加强或改进和进一步发展一个进程的政治力量”。社会主义社会经济体系,并且 b) 实际上可以(或可以)被认为是合理的社会主义,即在代表关键结构性经济和社会特征的多向量空间中至少沿着一些(主要是积极的)可衡量的维度向社会主义发展。” 所以“国家是否(直接或间接)在指导国民经济方面发挥决定性的霸权作用……显然是衡量中国经济在何种程度上可以被视为社会主义的关键(尽管不是唯一)基准。” 国家必须主导,但那些控制国家的人也必须“可信地参与”试图发展“社会主义社会经济制度”。 作者承认,对于传统上是“民族国家(国家? - MR)的社会主义经济体系的含义,这是一个“更弱的意义” ,根据她的工作,每个人的原则都得到普遍适用,没有任何形式私有财产和非劳动个人收入的存在——可以被认为是完全社会主义的。显然,这种纯粹的社会主义分配结构在当代世界任何地方都不存在。” 作者拒绝他们认为“过时”的社会主义和选择他们认为是新的社会经济形态的东西。他们认为,“社会主义的雏形形式——连同资本主义和前资本主义的生产方式……现在已经出现在一些发展中国家。始终如一地,我们将它们称为社会主义导向的 SEF,尽管它们各自的生产力发展水平非常不平衡,但它们围绕相对相似的市场社会主义模式构建。” 作者认为,“苏联和大多数欧洲社会主义国家最初实现了高速经济增长,但它们的发展轨迹最终以失败告终。由于内部矛盾,技术孤立加上无情的外部压力,苏联及其盟国起初确实打破了资本主义大国对世界经济的专属领地,但始终未能完全克服内部矛盾,最终走向崩溃。” 相比之下,虽然你可能会说,“市场化改革意味着中国社会经济制度的社会主义本质的倒退”,实际上它“导致了生产力的超常发展,使中华人民共和国(中华人民共和国)成为一个新的SEF 的类型。” 在这一点上,我们的作者对他们的论点将他们带向何方变得有点腼腆或犹豫不决。“ ‘市场社会主义’这个词可能暗示我们隐含承认中国当今的社会经济制度实际上是社会主义的一种形式,阿尔贝我不完美。保守地说,我们(以及在大多数情况下,中共领导人自己)既不支持也不否认这种参与主义。” 然而,他们拒绝将中国称为国家资本主义。“(经常低估时间)生产资料直接和间接公有制的绝对重量,以及更广泛地说,国家对经济制高点的控制的深度和延伸,使我们无法将国家资本主义视为中国当前的主要特征-天的社会经济系统。” 相反,中国发展成为社会主义导向型经济体,国家“可以在中短期内确定投资份额、投资率、广泛的部门构成、社会支出的水平和构成以及水平的有效需求。从长远来看,社会主义导向的计划市场经济中的计划者可以设定资本积累的速度和(在一定程度上)方向化、创新和技术进步,并通过与市场相适应的产业和其他政策干预手段显着影响相对价格结构。因此, 他们……有意识地、谨慎地引导社会经济价值规律的展开,以实现优于仅通过简单地遵循市场价格信号自动产生的事后和生态结果。” 所以最后,我们有了它。中国以及越南和老挝等其他国家与苏联、古巴、朝鲜或战后东欧等传统的“社会主义”国家不同。中国已经形成了一种新的社会经济形态,可以称为“市场社会主义”。这是中国取得惊人经济成功的基础,而不是苏联的计划经济,那里很少或根本没有“私有财产形式存在”。相反,它是一个社会主义导向的国家,宏观上是计划的,而资本主义和市场在微观上是基本和谐的。这种新的社会经济形态是推翻资本主义并走上社会主义道路的社会的未来模式。 现在我对社会主义经济模式的制定深表怀疑。我对 Gabrieli 和 Jabbour 方法的第一个问题或批评是基于马克思的价值理论。在书中,有一个关于价值理论的广泛部分。在本节中,作者采用新李嘉图派皮耶罗·斯拉法的价值论,而不是马克思的价值论。根据他们的说法,“拯救古典方法(他们将其等同于马克思的价值理论)的任务留给了现代古典理论,由斯拉法和其他非正统经济学家,其中加雷尼亚尼是杰出的。正如后者所指出的,斯拉法(除了有效地批评了边际理论之外)重新发现了经典的方法,并解决了李嘉图和马克思没有解决的一些关键分析难题。 ” 真的吗?在我看来,马克思主义价值理论得到了一些马克思主义学者的更好的辩护,他们反对新古典理论和冯·博尔特凯维奇和斯拉法等人的新李嘉图假设——例如。克里曼、莫斯利、默里·史密斯。斯拉法价值理论中的一个关键断层线是它排除了时间,而马克思提供了一种时间方法。如果不考虑时间,任何价值理论都会变得毫无意义。 以下是作者所说的:“考虑到 Sraffa 的贡献,生产价格在理论上可以被视为源于联立方程组的分辨率,共同定义了一个资本主义制度在给定时刻的照片(因此优雅地忽略了假设规模报酬不变的必要性)。因此,它们可以被正式解释为系统运行所必需的内在逻辑约束,而不是真实的经验可观察的经济对象。” 因此,马克思的价值论变成了在给定时刻的一张照片,一组方程式,而不是真实的或经验上可观察的。作者接受了他的批评者同时出现的错误,而不是马克思的时间方法。 作者认识到,“所谓的基本斯拉夫定理——当且仅当工人被剥夺了他们生产的所有商品时,利润率才会为正——本身并不需要劳动价值论(!——MR)。 作者反过来拒绝了许多马克思主义经济学家的方法,这种方法可以显示总价值与生产总价格之间的逻辑(和经验)联系。在接受 Sraffa 的批评时,他们得出结论:“两种总量上的平等都不需要任何劳动价值论是有效的,并且与对 LV 的不可知论和弱解释兼容”。 这种弱解释是什么?好吧,我们可以放弃马克思关于总量平等的公理,并通过联立方程方法“坚持非拜物教的”(因此以劳动为基础的)解释……通过联立方程方法,而无需重复价值守恒原则。 因此,资本主义生产方式中劳动价值和价格之间的联系被切断,资本的盈利能力不再最终由剩余价值的创造和占有来决定:“我们认为,社会科学家不应过分专注于形式模型破坏了各行业利润率的一致性。” 作者直截了当地坦白了他们的观点:“最近的事态发展往往证实了斯拉法的基本见解:生产价格和利润率是同时决定的。因此,马克思关于平均利润率的定义和计算的著名公式并不普遍有效。” 显然,作者没有消化马克思主义学者所做的大量工作,这些工作证明了马克思的价值理论和他的盈利法则的经验有效性——本博客的读者很清楚这一点。(参见Cr 中的世界伊斯兰国和长期萧条)。 相反,作者接受了新李嘉图主义者的批评,即马克思未能表明价值和价格之间的联系(或缺乏联系)。他们说:“众所周知,马克思本人意识到他的体系的完善程度并不完全令人满意,因此,在他的一生中,他没有发表后来成为 II 和《首都》第三卷。这项任务是恩格斯在多年苦读马克思的手稿后完成的。” 好吧,作者们可能都知道马克思是错误的,但是马克思主义作者的后续工作驳斥了这一观点,并且反驳了恩格斯有错的指控发表马克思在《资本论》第 2 卷和第 3 卷中的错误。 Back to Sraffa. “Sraffa was very keen that, in capitalistic production, labour is on an equal footIng with packhorses (with subsistence wages assimilated to hay). Therefore, there is nothing special that labour transmits to the value of commodities …After all, this is faithful to Marx’s idea that in capitalism labour is a commodity, produced, operated, maintained, scrapped and reproduced as any other input. … Sraffa autonomously completed a solution to which Marx was very close.” But Marx was not very close to this 'solution’ because he rejected it in favour of a theory of value based on abstract labour and socially necessary labour time. He would not have accepted Sraffa’s 'production of commodities by commodities’ (and not labour). The whole point of Marx’s value theory is that labour is not just a commodity like any other; it is special in that only labour creates value. Commodities (like pack horses) do not create new value. New value is only created when packhorses are put to work by human labour. Packhorses in that sense are the same as machines: machines do not create value without human labour controlling them (the story of robots I leave for another day). That the authors should accept Sraffa’s view is disappointing. But why does all this matter and what has it got to do with China as a socialist country? Well, the authors explain why they want Sraffa’s theory of value and reject Marx’s. It’s because “by itself, the existence of surplus does not prove the existence, or non-existence,of class exploitation, and does not allow to precisely determine the degree of justice and fairness in a given society.” In other words, we can remove the key distinction between Marx’s surplus value under capitalism and replace it with a surplus created by the production of 'commodities’, not value. As the authors say: “in our view, whatever the interpretation of this issue, the law of value in its weak sense (my emphasis) applies both to capitalism and socialism”. According to the authors, whether there is surplus value created by the exploitation of labour and appropriated by private capitals is no longer the key difference between the capitalist mode of production and socialism. What matters is the surplus (not surplus value) and how it is controlled. The capitalist and socialist modes can therefore be harmonised in the transition to socialism. This interpretation of the law of value under capitalism enables them to claim that there is no contradiction between state planning and the market economy because both modes can work in harmony to boost the surplus. Or as Deng famously put, “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice.” In my view, this approach flies in the face of not only Marxist economic theory but also runs against reality by denying the fundamental and irreconcilable contradiction between the capitalist mode of production for the profit of capital and a cooperative socially owned planned system of production for social need ie socialism. This brings us to the nature of transitional economies where the capitalist class has been overthrown and lost state power. Marx spelt out the basis of the nature of these transitional economies. There were two stages on the way to communism. With the working class in power, the first stage was to raise the productivity of labour to the point where social needs were met by direct production and commodity production for a market was phased out. In second higher stage, production is sufficiently high and abundant that each produces according to his or her ability and receives according to his or her need. The point is that in both stages, commodity production ends because it is in contradiction to production for social need. Our authors reject the view of Marx, Engels and Lenin on this. For them Marx got it wrong: “In our view (which is of course the product of the benefit of hindsight, of the analysis of over a century of historical experience) this was a mistake, possibly related to Marx’s formation as a young Hegelian idealist and by the tension between Marx the social scientist and Marx the political militant.” Apparently, Marx needed to be less of a romantic militant and more of political scientist and then he would have dropped his idea of socialism without commodity production! Those who take Marx’s view (like both Engels and Lenin) are being rigid: “most efforts aimed at identifying the main features of socialism have been implicitly predicated on a relatively abstract dialectical negation of capitalism, while the analysis of real socialism experiences – with all their errors and (at times) horrors – have of been too brashly dismissed as fatal and treacherous deviations from what should have been the true path.” But surely the 'errors’ and 'horrors’ of Stalinist regime in the Soviet Union or in North Korea and eastern Europe should be seen as 'fatal and treacherous’ deviations from the path to socialism? No? At this point I would remind readers of what Che Guevara said exactly on this question of commodity production under socialism or what the authors call 'market socialism’. In 1921 Lenin was forced to introduce the New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed a capitalist sector in the USSR. Lenin considered this necessary, but a step back from the transition to socialism. Che Guevara argued that Lenin would have reversed the NEP had he lived longer. However, Lenin’s followers “did not see the danger and it remained as the great Trojan horse of socialism”, according to Guevara. As a result, capitalist superstructure became entrenched, influencing the relations of production and creating a 'hybrid system of socialism with capitalist elements’ that inevitably provoked conflicts and contradictions that were increasingly resolved in favour of the superstructure. In short, capitalism was returning to the Soviet bloc. And when we look at the experience of the Soviet Union, it was the Bolshevik economist Preobrazhensky who pointed out that Soviet Union was a transitional economy that contained two opposing forces, not working in a harmonious and complementary way as the authors claim for China’s new social economic formation of 'market socialism’. Preobrazhensky’s emphasis on the contradiction between the law of value and planning for primitive socialist accumulation is not mentioned in the book. For the authors, Che Guevara and Preobrazhensky presumably took an “abstract dialectical negation of capitalism’ and ignored historical experience – although they were there at the time. Surely, it is the historical experience of the Soviet Union that eventually revealed the law of value cannot work in harmony with the public ownership and the planning mechanism and eventually there was reversal back to capitalism. And then there is workers’ democracy. Marx and Engels made it clear that even before we get to socialism, under the dictatorship of proletariat (where capitalists lose state power to working class), two clear principles of workers democracy must be maintained in order to make the transition to socialism: the right of recall of all workers’ representatives and a strict limitation on their wage levels. Remember this is before even the economy starts to reach the lower stage of communism (or socialism, as Lenin called it). None of these principles of workers democracy apply in China where the CPC rules without accountability except to itself. Indeed, in China the inequality of income and wealth is very high, if not quite as high as in other peripheral economies like Brazil, Russia or South Africa; or in the US and UK. But these inequalities are not just between rural and urban households, but also between average Chinese households and the fast-multiplying numbers of billionaires. How can an economy supposedly making a transition to socialism (let alone having already achieved some 'first stage’ socialism) be compatible with billionaires and financial speculation on a grand scale? 30 并通过批示,款待国家快速售出房屋为房屋出租,提供私人房屋的建造示例,并选择房屋建造——这是一个发行债务资金种完全血糖危机的基本需求方式。,这些家禽现在已经搬家了。想把 “无资本主义资本主义”转向“但现在金融资本主义,但现在有责任和亲权的共同控制”。 中国经济体全面展示了其惊人的宏观经济和如何成功的经济社会作家,“经济展示成为经济体中经济体的全面发展,经济发达,经济发达”——将中国经济繁荣发展成为经济体与印度进行比较智能。 ![]() 正如 Gabriel 和 Jabbour 所采取的那样,“可以在中国经济金融设定的普通政策余下的重要政策中,通过全国范围内的广泛获取,并且可以广泛地对整个国家的部分。和资本。” 40。他们还对这种规划机制提出了一种新的看法:“新项目经济”,也就是针对特定项目时的“P ”进行规划。 8. 8. 8.因此,在没有像工具经济体那样的情况下,反复演播中国和性经济和性项目的成功计划。时间里实现了官方贫困。 ![]() 据我所知,我们的杰布里尔的故事了,我们的故事中所有马和和的经济。是向社会主义转型的重大威胁国家。随着社会主义对中国的积极行动,在未来的推进中,以及中共的经济自由十年倡议的“主动收费”的理由,是努力争取中的压力。风险仍然很大。 作者认为,因为他们已经在“市场社会主义”中宣传了中国共产党或他们的新宣传,但在创作过程中并没有表达这样的危险价值。他们看到了中国金融界的导演和投机机资本的危险发展的“对自由的辩解是反对的” 。为向社会主义过渡的必要基础。 |
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来自: 吕杨鹏 > 《20220613-20220619》