刊物介绍 本文作者:许鸿轩 本文审校:葛健豪 本文首发于2022年4月13日 ![]() 作者:许鸿轩 获得澳国立国际关系学本科学位 海国图智研究院研究助理 引言 来源:AFP via Getty Images 背景 2021年度美国原油及原油产品进口量占比 来源:The Wall Street Journal 因此,白宫不得不通过与世界各国政府的外交活动来稳定住不断上涨的能源价格,而其中主要包括的国家是委内瑞拉和中东的石油王国等与美国关系紧张的国家。美国曾因人权、民主等问题制裁或疏远这些国家,而现在似乎又为了填补制裁俄罗斯留下的能源缺口而试图与这些国家缓解关系。但本文认为,美国向委内瑞拉等国伸出的橄榄枝并非仅仅因为短期石油利益,而是借短期石油紧缺之势推动与这些国家之间争端的推进或解决。下文将依次分析近期美国与委内瑞拉、伊朗和沙特的交涉来阐明这一观点。 委内瑞拉:石油和民主不是非此即彼 共和党参议员谴责华盛顿与马杜罗政府的会谈 来源:Twitter 然而事实上,当前委内瑞拉填补石油供应缺口的能力十分有限,所谓的短期石油利益可能并不存在。尽管在2019年被列入黑名单之前,委内瑞拉曾每天向美国输送约58万桶石油,但在目前失修的状态下,它每天能产出的油量仅仅不到20万桶。而如果要重建委内瑞拉的石油产能——将产量提高到每天200万桶,据经济学家兼石油专家弗朗西斯科-莫纳尔迪(Francisco Monaldi)称,大约需要120亿美元的投资。但在马杜罗掌权的情况下,上百亿美元的投资几乎不可能实现。因此短期内,委内瑞拉的石油供给很难恢复,杯水车薪的石油供应远远不足以让美国将其民主扩散的愿景放在天平的另一端。 委内瑞拉2008-2021年度石油产量变化 来源:OPEC 伊朗:比石油更紧急的协议
来源:Associated Press 来源:Carlos Barria 沙特:石油是一针缓和剂 来源:Arabia Policy 结语 参考文献 【1】 Andrew Restuccia and Josh Mitchell, “Biden Bans Imports of Russian Oil, Natural Gas”, Wall Street Journal, January 20, 2021, https://www./briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/. 【2】 Bozorgmehr Sharafedin, Julia Payne, “Analysis: Iranian oil could take months to flow after a nuclear deal”, Reuters, March 5, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/iranian-oil-could-take-months-flow-after-nuclear-deal-2022-03-04/. 【3】 Alan Rappeport, Edward Wong, Michael D. Shear, “Biden Officials Weigh Russian Oil Ban as Gas Prices Soar”, The New York Times, https://www./2022/03/07/us/politics/biden-russia-oil-ban.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article. 【4】 Hounshell Blake, Askarinam Leah, “Democrats Find Their Inflation Villains: Vladimir Putin and Big Oil”, The New York Times, March 10, 2022, https://www./2022/03/09/us/politics/democrats-gas-prices-putin.html. 【5】 Collin Eaton, “How Much Oil Does the U.S. Import From Russia and Why Did Biden Ban It?”, Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2022, https://www./articles/why-does-the-u-s-still-buy-russian-oil-11646151935?mod=article_inline. 【6】 Juan Pachon, “Chairman Menendez Statement on Biden Administration Talks with the Maduro Regime”, United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, March 7, 2022, https://www.foreign./press/chair/release/chairman-menendez-statement-on-biden-administration-talks-with-the-maduro-regime. 【7】 Mac Margolis, “The time has come for the U.S. and Venezuela to move beyond ultimatums and sanctions”, The Washington Post, March 9, 2022, https://www./opinions/2022/03/09/venezuela-oil-russia-sanctions-time-is-right-to-move-on/. 【8】 Timothy Puk, Alex Leary, Vipal Mong, “Ukraine War Pushes Biden Toward Venezuela, Iran and Saudi Arabia in Oil Hunt”, Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2022, https://www./articles/ukraine-war-drives-u-s-hunt-for-more-oil-to-help-tame-rising-prices-11646935216. 【9】 Salama Vivian, “U.S. Expands Sanctions Against Venezuela Into an Embargo”, Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2019, https://www./articles/u-s-expands-sanctions-against-venezuela-into-an-embargo-11565053782. 【10】 Colm Quinn, “Venezuela Comes In From the Cold Amid U.S. Oil Search”, Foreign Policy, March 11, 2022, https:///2022/03/11/venezuela-maduro-oil-ukraine/. 【11】 Austin Ramzy, “Venezuela Could Be Fill-in for Russian Oil, But Critics Fear Aiding Maduro”, The New York Times, March 8, 2022, https://www./2022/03/08/world/europe/venezuela-russia-oil.html?searchResultPosition=3. 【12】 Ryan Dube, Patricia Garip, “Venezuela Frees Two Americans After Biden Team Visits President Maduro”, Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2022, https://www./articles/venezuela-agrees-to-restart-negotiations-with-u-s-backed-opposition-11646756236. 【13】 Andreina Itriago Acosta, “Venezuela opposition proposing sanction relief to Woo Maduro”, Bloomberg, January 29, 2022, https://www./news/articles/2022-01-28/venezuela-s-opposition-proposing-sanction-relief-to-woo-maduro 【14】 Steven Erlanger, “How Russia’s War in Ukraine Complicates the Iran Nuclear Deal”, The New York Times, March 8, 2022, https://www./2022/03/08/world/europe/iran-nuclear-deal-russia-ukraine. 【15】 John Irish, Parisa Hafezi, Francois Murphy, “Iran envoy leaves as EU says time to decide on nuclear talks”, Reuters, March 8, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/irans-shamkhani-says-tehran-is-evaluating-new-components-nuclear-talks-tweet-2022-03-07/. 【16】 Laurence Norman, “Iran Nuclear Deal’s Final Hurdle Is Lifting Terrorism Sanctions on Revolutionary Guards”, Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2022, https://www./articles/iran-nuclear-deals-final-hurdle-is-lifting-terrorism-sanctions-on-revolutionary-guards-11647864073?page=1. 【17】 Francois Murphy, Parisa Hafezi, “Iran nuclear talks appear near climax, but no deal yet”, Reuters, March 4, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/iran-nuclear-talks-appear-near-climax-no-deal-yet-2022-03-03/. 【18】 Middle East & Africa, “Russia threatens to sink a year of nuclear negotiations with Iran”, The Economist, March 11, 2022, https://www./middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/11/russia-threatens-to-sink-a-year-of-nuclear-negotiations-with-iran 【19】 Dan De Luce, 'Russia’s demands threaten to torpedo revival of Iran nuclear deal, officials say', NBC News, March 12, 2022, https://www./politics/national-security/russias-demands-threaten-torpedo-revival-iran-nuclear-deal-officials-s-rcna19733. 【20】 Natasha Turak, 'Russia backs down on demands in Iran nuclear deal talks, making revival of 2015 pact imminent', CNBC, March 18, 2022, https://www./2022/03/18/russia-backs-down-on-demands-in-iran-nuclear-deal-talks-making-revival-of-2015-pact-imminent.html. 【21】 Parisa Hafezi, Humeyra Pamuk, Simon Lewis, 'Russia says it has written guarantees on Iran nuclear deal', Reuters, March 16, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/russia-says-it-has-written-guarantees-iran-nuclear-deal-2022-03-15/. 【22】 Marwa Rashad, Samia Nakhoul, Ghaida Ghantous, “Saudi crown prince plays the oil card in quest for U.S. recognition”, Reuters, March 3, 2022, https://www./world/middle-east/saudi-crown-prince-plays-oil-card-quest-us-recognition-2022-03-03/ 【23】 Martin Chulov, Julian Borger, “White House faces oil standoff with Saudi Arabia and UAE as prices soar”, The Guardian, March 13, 2022, https://www./us-news/2022/mar/13/white-house-us-joe-biden-oil-output-prices-saudi-arabia-uae. 【24】 Dion Nissenbaum, Stephen Kalin, David S. Cloud, “Saudi, Emirati Leaders Decline Calls With Biden During Ukraine Crisis”, Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2022, https://www./articles/saudi-emirati-leaders-decline-calls-with-biden-during-ukraine-crisis-11646779430. 【25】 Nick Wadhams, Annmarie Hordern, Matthew Martin, Ben Bartenstein, “Oil thirst is forcing Biden to pivot U.S. back to Saudi Arabia”, Bloomberg, March 22, 2022, https://www./news/articles/2022-03-21/oil-thirst-is-forcing-biden-to-pivot-u-s-back-to-saudi-arabia 文章推送方式 微信:关注“海国图智研究院”公众号 网站:收藏我们的网站 www.intellisia.org 邮件:扫描下方二维码登记邮箱信息,每日接收新鲜、深度的时政洞察 |
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