最后,让我们来聊聊马兜铃酸从哪里来吧。
正如前文所说,马兜铃科植物分布相当的广泛,导致巴尔干地方性肾病的欧洲马兜铃就是非常常见的一种杂草,会在后院里生长的那种。由它们产生的马兜铃酸,是否会污染土壤、地下水以及农作物呢?
而即使已经对马兜铃相关产品进行了管制,但实际的马兜铃酸医源性暴露情况仍然不得而知。私人渠道仍旧可以轻松买到马兜铃制成的中药材,就算知道马兜铃“有毒”,没有专业植物知识的人也很难把各种名字的中药和马兜铃科植物一一对应。
比如说前文我们提过木通,但是实际上中药木通是木通科植物的干燥藤茎,属于马兜铃科的关木通也会被当做木通误用,另外一种也名为木通的川木通则是毛莨科植物。这种复杂的命名问题在中药学里数不胜数,别说普通人搞不懂,想要一一厘清进行系统监管也有难度。
马兜铃酸的影响可能要在接触后几十年才能显现出来,确定马兜铃酸暴露的高风险人群会有助于我们及早开始疾病的筛查和预防,而马兜铃酸对人类健康的整体影响还有更多等待我们去判明的部分。
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参考资料:
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[2] IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Pharmaceuticals. Volume 100A. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 100, 1–401 (2012). In this volume of the IARC Monographs, the Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans conducts a re-evaluation of AA and determines that the evidence available warrants its classification as a group 1 carcinogen.
[3] https://www./articles/s41568-022-00494-x#Bib1
[4] Jackson, L., Kofman, S., Weiss, A. & Brodovsky, H. Aristolochic acid (Nsc-50413): phase I clinical study. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 42, 35–37 (1964).
[5] Nortier, J. L. et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1686–1692 (2000). This study reports that patients with AAN face a high risk of developing urothelial carcinoma.
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[7] Chen, C. J. et al. Aristolochic acid and the risk of cancers in patients with type 2 diabetes: nationwide population-based cohort study. Phytomedicine 99, 154023 (2022). This study reports that the use of AA-containing herbs is associated with a significantly higher risk of developing liver, colorectum, kidney, bladder, prostate, pelvis and ureter cancers in patients with diabetes.
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本文作者丨代丝雨