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神经科学家、心理学家和进化学家一致认为，人脑的构造先天地使人需要并享受社会合作。大脑对此有需求，如果我们拥有这些的话，大脑会发育得更好。从社会合作中获得的有意义的人际关系使我们更快乐、更健康、更高产，社会合作也是有效工作所必需的。这是人类的决定性特征之一。
列纳德·蒙洛迪诺在他的杰作《潜意识》中写道：“我们通常以为人（区别于其他物种）的首要特征是智商，但真正的首要特征是社会智商。”他指出，人类拥有独特的能力，可以理解其他人的特性及其可能的行为方式。人脑天生就能发展这种能力，大多数四岁儿童能够读懂其他人的心理状态。人类这个物种能取得这么多的成就，这种理解和合作能力是首要因素。蒙洛迪诺写道：“例如，制造一辆汽车需要成千上万人参与，他们有不同的技能，处在不同的地方，执行不同的工作任务。铁等金属必须被开采和加工；玻璃、橡胶和塑料必须从大量化学原料里被制造出来并加工成型；电池、散热器和无数其他零件必须被生产出来；电子系统和机械系统必须被设计出来；所有这些东西必须从天南海北汇聚到一家工厂里，汽车才能被组装出来。今天，即使是你清晨开车上班时喝的咖啡、吃的面包圈，也是世界各地的人工作的成果。”普利策奖得主爱德华·威尔逊在《人类存在的意义》一书中猜测，距今100万—200万年前，类人猿向现代智人进化期间，人类祖先的大脑就进化出了支持合作的功能，以支持狩猎等活动。这使人类祖先前额皮层里的记忆与思考中心变得比其他灵长类动物的更发达。随着群体变得比个体更强大，大脑不断进化出管理更大群体的能力，群体之间的竞争就变得比个体之间的竞争更重要，同时拥有更多合作性个体的群体发展得更好。这一进化使得利他意识、伦理观、良知和尊严意识发展起来。威尔逊解释说，人类永远处在塑造人类的两极力量之间：“一极是激发罪恶的个体选择，另一极是激发美德的群体选择。”在任何组织里，个人利益与集体利益这两种力量哪一种胜出，取决于该组织的文化，文化又取决于塑造文化的人。但很明显，集体利益不仅对组织是最好的，对组织里的每个人也是最好的。我将在“工作原则”部分阐述，一起合作把蛋糕做大的回报大于追求个人利益的回报，这不仅体现于每个人得到的蛋糕的多少，还体现于人类天生追求的让我们更快乐、更健康的精神回报。Neuroscientists, psychologists, and evolutionists agree the human brain comes pre-programmed with the need for and enjoyment of social cooperation. Our brains want it and develop better when we have it. The meaningful relationships we get from social cooperation make us happier, healthier, and more productive; social cooperation is also integral to effective work. It is one of the defining characteristics of being human.Leonard Mlodinow, in his excellent book Subliminal, writes, “We usually assume that what distinguishes us [from other species] is IQ. But it is our social IQ that ought to be the principal quality that differentiates us.” He points out that humans have a unique ability to understand what other people are like and how they are likely to behave. The brain comes programmed to develop this ability; by the time they are four years old, most children are able to read others’ mental states. This sort of human understanding and cooperation is what makes us so accomplished as a species. As Mlodinow explains, “Building a car for example requires the participation of thousands of people with diverse skills, in diverse lands, performing diverse tasks. Metals like iron must be extracted from the ground and processed; glass, rubber, and plastics must be created from numerous chemical precursors and molded; batteries, radiators and countless other parts must be produced; electronic and mechanical systems must be designed; and it all must come together, coordinated from far and wide, in one factory so that the car can be assembled. Today, even the coffee and bagel you might consume while driving to work in the morning is the result of the activities of people all over the world.” In his book The Meaning of Human Existence, Pulitzer Prize–winning author Edward O. Wilson surmises that between one million and two million years ago, when our ancestors were somewhere between chimpanzees and modern homo sapiens, the brain evolved in ways supporting cooperation so man could hunt and do other activities.This led the centers of memory and reasoning in the prefrontal cortex to develop beyond those of our primate relatives. As groups becamemore powerful than individuals and our brains evolved in ways that made larger groups manageable, competition between groups becamemore important than competition between individuals and groups that had more cooperative individuals did better than those without them. This evolution led to the development of altruism, morality, and the sense of conscience and honor. Wilson explains that man is perpetually suspended between the two extreme forces that created us: “Individual selection [which] prompted sin and group selection [which] promoted virtue.”Which of these forces (self-interest or collective interest) wins out in any organization is a function of that organization’s culture, whichis a function of the people who shape it. But it’s clear that collective interest is what’s best, not just for the organization but for the individualswho make it up. As I’ll explain in Work Principles, the rewards of working together to make the pie bigger are greater than the rewardsof self-interest, not only in terms of how much “pie” one gets but also in the psychic rewards wired into our brains that make us happier and healthier.
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