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运输费用的支付应注意哪些问题? 民法典合同编逐条解析(法条附英文翻译)

 昵称64574355 2022-09-02 发布于广东

第八百一十三条 

旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线

运输增加票款或者运输费用的,旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者

运输费用。 

Article 813  Passengers, consignors or consignees shall pay for the ticket-fare or the freight and may reject to pay the increased part of the fare or fright caused by if the carrier fails to go the agreed or customary route.

本条是关于运输费用支付问题的一大原则,但却没有切中运输费用支付中的许多重要问题,具体如下:

一、收货人支付运输费用的问题

本条规定在货物运输时,运输费用的支付主体是托运人或者收货人”。如果托运人与收货人非同一人且运输合同由托运人与运输公司签订,那么,收货人非运输合同的当事人。即便运输合同中约定由收货人支付运费,合同对收货人也是没有约束力的。如果收货人拒绝提货,承运人只能向托运人追索运费。 如果收货人提货,但拒绝支付运费的,理论上承运人也只能向托运人追索运费。承运人留置货物的,可能对收货人构成侵权。因为,根据交易条件的不同,货物的所有权可能早已转移至收货人的名下,即承运人对于没有支付运费义务的收货人是没有权利留置其货物的。 既然收货人非运输合同的当事人,如果发生货损货差,收货人是否可以向承运人提出索赔呢?最高法院在判例中的观点是收货人与承运人在交付货物时发生权利义务关系, 有权向承运人提出索赔。

二、运输费用支付的时间问题

在货物运输中,关于运费的支付时间往往是“预付”或“到付”。原则上运费应当在承运人完成运输任务后再支付,运费预付是运输行业长期卖方市场的表现,也是承运人转嫁运费风险的伎俩。因为,如果由于不可抗力或由于承运人的原因造成货物灭失,承运人是不能收取运费的, 已经收取的还应当退还。托运人不应当在遭受货物灭失的情况下还要承担运费。

无论是预付还是到付,都说的是运费支付时间的问题,并没有限定支付主体。不能说运费到付就是运费要由收货人支付。

三、运输费用支付的数额问题

托运人在核算运输成本时,不应只看承运人的运费费率,还应看各种附加的费用和运输要求等可能增加的成本。除了运费外,可能还有仓储保管费、装卸倒运费、保险费、熏蒸费、管理费等各种名目的收费。特别是包装费,有时运输公司会以保护货物的名义,要求对货物额外加装保护包装等。

英国判例法中有“运费不可触动”的原则,即只要收货人收取货物,即便货物有货损、货差,收货人也不得以货物损失折抵运费。

法律英语

The Freight Forwarder

The distinction between the existing types of contracts used in the transport sector is easier in theory than in practice.

The freight forwarder also called a forwarding agent - was not deemed a carrier as he does not obtain possession of the goods and he does not undertake their delivery at the other end. Typically, he does not perform the transport. All that he does is act as an agent for the owner of the goods by making the arrangements with the parties who do carry and by making arrangements so far as they may be necessary for the immediate step between the ship and the rail, the customs and so forth. 

Freight forwarding activities as 'the linking of two or more transport modes under a contractual arrangement either envisages or permits such a link. This means

that in practice a consignor can either contract with a freight forwarder to carry his

goods somewhere, in which case the freight forwarder actually is the carrier, or to

arrange for his goods to be carried by another party, in which case the freight

forwarder may act as a freight forwarder, as a principal, or as a forwarding agent

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