1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionICloseTest
Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)
①Chequeshave1replacedmoneyasameansofexchangefortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.②Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatchequesarenotrealmoney:theyarequitevaluelessinthemselves.③Ashop-keeperalwaysrunsacertain2whenheacceptsachequeandheisquite3hisrightsifonoccasion,herefusestodoso.
④Peopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled4.⑤Anoldandverywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.⑥Hewenttoafamousjewelryshopwhichkeepsalarge5ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.⑦Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybyCheques.⑧Theassistantsaidthatthiswasquite6butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothemanager’soffice.
⑨Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexplainedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlessChequenotlongago.⑩Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthepolicewouldarriveatanymomentandhehadbetterstay7hewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.8,thepolicearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe9,butexplainedthatapersonwhohadusedthesamenameashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thenthepoliceaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.Thenote10:“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”Fortunately,myfriend’shandwritingwasquiteunlikethethief’s.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.[356words]
1.［A］exactly ［B］really ［C］largely ［D］thoroughly
2.［A］danger ［B］chance ［C］risk ［D］opportunity
3.［A］within ［B］beyond ［C］without ［D］outof
4.［A］indifficulty ［B］indoubt ［C］inearnest ［D］inquestion
5.［A］amount ［B］stock ［C］number ［D］store
6.［A］inorder ［B］inneed ［C］inuse ［D］incommon
7.［A］whether ［B］if ［C］otherwise ［D］unless
8.［A］Really ［B］Sureenough ［C］Certainly ［D］However
9.［A］treatment ［B］manner ［C］inconvenience ［D］behaviour
10.［A］read ［B］told ［C］wrote ［D］informed
SectionII ReadingComprehension
Eachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)
Text1
①Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.②In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.③LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,”whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.
①Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.②Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.③Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.
①Imaginationswerefired.②Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.③Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.④Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.
①Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.②Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.③Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.④Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.⑤Amongtheirothermultitudeofuses:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.
11. Peopleexpectthat________. [A]theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicopters [B]helicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoing [C]theimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer’sinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefuture [D]theirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftoday
12. Helicoptersworkwiththeaidof________. [A]acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontop [B]arotatingdevicetopside [C]onerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachend [D]arotatingfanunderneathforlifting
13. Whatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter? [A]Helicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940. [B]Chinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters. [C]Helicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes. [D]Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.
14. Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped? [A]Theyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes. [B]Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets. [C]Theyareusedforrescuework. [D]Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.
15. Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential? [A]Foroverseaspassengertransportation. [B]Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights. [C]Forhigh-speedtransportation. [D]Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.
Text2
①InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.②TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.③NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.
①ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.②ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.③Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.④Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.
①OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.②Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.③AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.④Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.
①Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.②TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.③Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.
①Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.②Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtriespaytheirownathletes’expenses.
①TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.②Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.③ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.④Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.
16. InancientGreece,theOlympicGames________. [A]weremerelynationalathleticfestivals [B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour [C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition [D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants
17. IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames________. [A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames [B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart [C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGames [D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames
18. TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics________. [A]hasnotdefinitelybeenestablished [B]variedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors [C]wasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheld [D]wasconsideredunimportant
19. Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause_____. [A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults [B]theyaremuchbetter [C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast [D]theyaremuchworse
20. Nowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor________. [A]outoftheprizemoneyofthewinners [B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations [C]bytheathletesthemselves [D]bycontributions Text3
①Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.②Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.③Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.④“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.⑤Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”⑥Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.⑦Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.⑧Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.⑨ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.⑩ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.
21. Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis________. [A]toexplainwhythingshappen [B]toexplainhowthingshappen [C]todescribeself-evidentprinciples [D]tosupportAristotelianscience
22. Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears? [A]thespeculationsofThales [B]theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravity [C]Aristotle’snaturalscience [D]Galileo’sdiscoveries
23. BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis________. [A]disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists [B]inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciples [C]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen [D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen
24. Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea________. [A]thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse [B]thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”are [C]thatthereareself-evidentprinciples [D]thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo
25. Modernsciencecameintobeing________. [A]whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced [B]whenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen [C]whenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappen [D]whenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning
SectionIII English-ChineseTranslation
TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)
Havetherealwaysbeencities?(26)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(27)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(28)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(29)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplydividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheslums.
Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(30)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(31)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?
Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(32)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?
Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(33)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.
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