1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabelled［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Whentelevisionfirstbegantoexpand,veryfewofthepeoplewhohadbecomefamousasradiocommentatorswereabletobeequallyeffectiveontelevision.Someofthedifficultiestheyexperiencedwhentheyweretryingto___1___themselvestothenewmediumweretechnical.Whenworking___2____radio,forexample,theyhadbecome___3___toseeingonbehalfofthelistener.
This___4___ofseeingforothersmeansthatthecommentatorhastobeverygoodattalking.___5___all,hehastobeableto___6___acontinuoussequenceofvisualimageswhich___7___meaningtothesoundswhichthelistenerhears.Inthe___8___oftelevision,however,thecommentatorseeseverythingwiththeviewer.Hisrole,therefore,is___9___different.Heistheretomake___10___thattheviewerdoesnotmisssomepointofinterest,tohelphim___11___onparticularthings,andto___12___theimagesonthetelevisionscreen.___13___hisradiocolleague,hemustknowthe___14___ofsilenceandhowtouseitatthosemoments___15___thepicturesspeakforthemselves.
1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify
2.［A］on［B］at［C］with［D］behind
3.［A］experienced［B］determined［C］established［D］accustomed
4.［A］efficiency［B］technology［C］art［D］performance
5.［A］Of［B］For［C］Above［D］Inaffect[D]reflect
8.［A］occasion［B］event［C］fact［D］case
9.［A］equally［B］completely［C］initially［D］hardly
10.［A］definite［B］possible［C］sure［D］clear
11.[A］focus［B］attend［C］follow［D］insist
12.［A］exhibit［B］demonstrate［C］expose［D］interpret
13.［A］Like［B］Unlike［C］As［D］For
14.［A］purpose［B］goal［C］value［D］intention
15.［A］if［B］when［C］which［D］as
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)
Passage1
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.
DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.SomethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronceproudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.
Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.
Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honesty,kindness,andsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw—and,ultimately,nosociety.
Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.
Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertowns,usually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!”
Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.
Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.
Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.
WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.
16.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat_____. [A]it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil [B]it’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit [C]it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil [D]it’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil
17.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,_____________. [A]societyistobeheldresponsible [B]moderncivilizationisresponsibleforit [C]thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame [D]thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved
18.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave________. [A]lessself-discipline [B]bettersenseofdiscipline [C]moremutualrespect [D]lesseffectivegovernment
19.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat_______.
[A］peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals [B]peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards [C]today’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty [D]peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities
20.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat______. [A]stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies [B]moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow [C]morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’sbehavior [D]morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability
Passage2
Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.
Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreasehissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.
21.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause_______. [A]thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged [B]theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped [C]moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade [D]ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance
22.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto_________. [A]graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges [B]socialrecognition [C]socio-economicstatus [D]certainbehavioralchanges
23.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis_______. [A]elevenyearsold [B]sixteenyearsold [C]twenty-oneyearsold [D]betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold
24.Startingfrom22,_______. [A]onewillobtainmorebasicrights [B]theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave [C]onewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21 [D]onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysociety
25.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat___. [A]inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted [B]noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one [C]oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense [D]oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy
Passage3
Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Barneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars—thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.
Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined—inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight—toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas—watervapor—tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80℉,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).
26.Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept_________. [A]formingsugars [B]sustainingwoodystems [C]keepinggreen [D]producingcarbondioxide
27.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis______. [A]toformsugars [B]toderiveenergyfromlight [C]topreservewater [D]tocombinecarbondioxidewithwater
28.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat________. [A]aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbs [B]carbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopment [C]aplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition [D]thestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporloss
29.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue? [A]Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot. [B]Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves. [C]Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated. [D]Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantissynthesized.
30.Thispassageismainlyabout________. [A]thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater [B]theroleofwaterinagrowingplant [C]theprocessofsimplesugarformation [D]thesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxide
PartB
Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)
Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.(31)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.
(32)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.
Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.
(33)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.
Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear2001?
Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion,andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.(34)Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.
Itseemsalmostcertainthatby200ltheUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfoodexportingnationandthat,ifnecessityforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelt-tighteningathome.
Infact,asfooditemswilltendtodeclineinqualityanddecreaseinvariety,thereisverylikelytobeincreasinguseofflavouringadditives.(35)Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.
SectionⅢWriting(15points)
Directions:
A)Title:WHERETOLIVE—INTHECITYORTHECOUNTRY?
B)Timelimit:40minutes
C)Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)
D)YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence.
E)YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyintheANSWERSHEET.
OUTLINE:
1.Conveniencesofthecity
2.Attractionsofthecountry
3.Disadvantagesofboth
4.Mypreference
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