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1. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。
（1）错综时间条件句（混合条件句）：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主从句中谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. If they had informed us, we would not come here now. ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如： If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. If he knew her, he would have greeted her. ③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如： If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. （2）虚拟语气倒装形式（省略if）：当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首实行倒装。 If I were at school again, I would study harder. →Were I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. → Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. If it should rain, the crops would be saved. → Should it rain, the crops would be saved. （注：在倒装时，不能有缩略形式）： Weren’t it for the expense, … ( × ) Were it not for the expense, … ( √ ) （3）含蓄条件句 ① 介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用词：with, but for, without What would you do with a million dollars? =What would you do if you had a million dollars? We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. =We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time if we hadn’t got your help Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time. = But for your help, … = If it had not been for your help, …= Had it not been for you help, … ② 有在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。 I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词) I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词) A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句) Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. (独立主格结构) 2. 虚拟语气在名词性从句 （1）宾语从句中的虚拟语气 ①英语中，与“要命坚建，敦愿推安”（ask, demand, request, require, order, command, insist (坚决要求做), propose, advise, suggest(建议) , urge, prefer, desire, recommend, arrange, decide等） 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如： The teacher advised that we （should） make good use of every minute here. The Party asked that we （should） serve the people with our heart and soul. 但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如： Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. ②英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
I wish I learnt English well. I wish I had been there with them last week. He wishes we could go and play games with him. 注意：How I wish +宾语从句的用法也一样。 ③在if only的句型表示“但愿”，“要是…就好了”用法和wish基本相同，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。 If only I were taller. If only I had followed your advice! If only the rain would stop. ④英语中，would rather之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气，结构为：
I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. He’d rather you were here now. We’d rather you didn’t go here tomorrow. （2）主语从句中的虚拟语气 在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： （should） + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型： ①It is disappointing / surprising /important / strange / necessary / natural …that… ②It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that… ③It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed …. that … ④It worries me that… It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. It is strange that he should not come. It is a pity that we should not meet last night. It worries me that we should be blamed for that. （3）表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气 英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议的名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement等后面接表语从句或同位语从句时都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。 We followed his advice that we （should） ask our teacher for help. He told us his order that we （should） go to university. His suggestion is that we （should） do our work more carefully. Their proposal is that they （should） build a new factory in their hometown. 3. 定语从句中的虚拟语气 英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如： It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. It is high time you should go to work. 4. 状语从句中的虚拟语气 （1）方式状语从句 由as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句（或表语从句）可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况, 用法和wish、if only句型基本相同： a. 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时 b. 表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时 I felt as though we had known each other for years. c.表示与将来事实不相符，用would/ could/ should/ might d.有时也用陈述语气，这时表示较大的真实性或可能性 It is becoming dark. It looks as if it’s going to rain. 对比：He looks as if he is young. He looks as if he were young. （2）目的状语从句 由in case, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示忧虑或目的。 We talked the matter over face to face for fear that there (should) be any misunderstanding. （3）让步状语从句 5. 简单句中的虚拟语气 （1）表示对过去情况的责备、后悔、惋惜时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”，常用搭配是： should (not) have done/ ought (not) to have done (本应该做某事而没做/本不应该做某事而做了) needn’t have done (本不需要做某事而做了) could have done (本能够做某事而没做) would rather have done（宁愿自己做了某事而没做） 如：You should have got here earlier. You could have returned it to him. She would rather not have gone to the party. 注意：请将此结构与情态动词表推测相区分 must have done 肯定做过某事 may (not) have done/ might (not) have done可能（没）做过某事 can’t/ couldn’t have done 肯定没做过某事 （2）表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如： May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 |
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