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本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂 Yashe Studio ——————————— 中国古建筑有悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵，是人类建筑史上的璀璨明珠。它承载着我们中华民族的建筑艺术、宗教、民俗、营造技术及建筑环境等多方面的理念和智慧。 Chinese ancient architecture has a long history and rich cultural connotation. It is a bright pearl in the history of human architecture. It carries the ideas and wisdom of Chinese architectural art, religion, folk custom, construction technology and architectural environment.  中国古建筑按功能上分类分为： 1、宫廷府第建筑，如皇宫、衙署、殿堂、第等； 1. Palace buildings, such as imperial palace, government office, palace, etc; 2、防御守卫建筑，如城墙、城楼、堞楼、村堡、关隘、长城、烽火台等； 2. Defensive and defensive buildings, such as city walls, city towers, battlements, village fortresses, passes, the Great Wall, beacon towers, etc; 3、纪念性和点缀性建筑，如市楼、钟楼、鼓楼、过街楼、牌枋、影壁等； 3. Commemorative and decorative buildings, such as the city tower, the bell tower, the drum tower, the street tower, the sign Fang, the screen wall, etc; 4、陵墓建筑，如石阙、石坊、崖墓、祭台、以及帝王陵寝宫殿等； 4. Mausoleum buildings, such as stone palaces, stone squares, cliff tombs, altars, and imperial tombs and palaces; 5、园囿建筑，如御园、宫囿、花园、别墅等； 5. Garden buildings, such as imperial gardens, palace gardens, gardens, villas, etc;  6、祭祀性建筑，如文庙(孔庙)、武庙(关帝庙)祠宇等； 6. Sacrificial buildings, such as Confucian Temple (Confucius Temple), Wu Temple (Guandi Temple) Temple, etc; 7、桥梁及水利建筑，如石桥、木桥、堤坝、港口、码头等； 7. Bridges and water conservancy structures, such as stone bridges, wooden bridges, dikes, ports, wharves, etc; 8、民居建筑，如窑洞、茅屋、草庵、民宅、庭堂、院落等； 8. Residential buildings, such as caves, huts, grass temples, residential houses, courtyards, etc; 9、宗教建筑，如佛教的寺、庵、堂、院，道教的祠、言、庙、观，回教的清真寺，基督教的礼拜堂等； 9. Religious buildings, such as Buddhist temples, nunneries, churches and courtyards, Taoist shrines, temples and temples, Muslim mosques, Christian churches, etc; 10、娱乐性建筑，如乐楼、舞楼、戏台、露台、看台等； 10. Entertainment buildings, such as music building, dance building, stage, terrace, grandstand, etc; 了解了分类，我们现在从建筑布局、形制等级，构造形式、结构类型、色彩运用和营造特征上介绍一下我们国家的古建筑是多么的科学和精致，无不凝聚着我们祖先的智慧。 After understanding the classification, we will now introduce how scientific and exquisite the ancient buildings in our country are from the aspects of architectural layout, shape hierarchy, structural form, structural type, color application and construction characteristics, all of which embody the wisdom of our ancestors. 1、巧妙而科学的框架式结构 这是中国古代建筑在建筑结构上最重要的一个特征。因为中国古代建筑主要是木构架结构，即采用木柱、木梁构成房屋的框架，屋顶与房檐的重量通过梁架传递到立柱上，墙壁只起隔断的作用，而不是承担房屋重量的结构部分。“墙倒屋不塌”这句古老的谚语，概括地指出了中国建筑这种框架结构最重要的特点。 This is the most important feature of the architectural structure of ancient Chinese architecture. Because ancient Chinese architecture is mainly a wooden frame structure, that is, the frame of the house is composed of wooden columns and beams. The weight of the roof and eaves is transferred to the columns through the beam frame...  这种结构，可以使房屋在不同气候条件下，满足生活和生产所提出的千变万化的功能要求。同时，由于房屋的墙壁不负荷重量，门窗设置有极大的灵活性。 This structure can make the house meet the ever-changing functional requirements of life and production under different climatic conditions. At the same time, because the walls of the house do not bear weight, the doors and windows are set with great flexibility. 此外，由这种框架式木结构形成了过去宫殿、寺庙及其它高级建筑才有的一种独特构件，即屋檐下的一束束的“斗拱”。它是由斗形木块和弓形的横木组成，纵横交错，逐层向外挑出，形成上大下小的托座。这种构件既有支承荷载梁架的作用，又有装饰作用。只是到了明清以后，由于结构简化，将梁直接放在柱上，致使斗拱的结构作用几乎完全消失，变成了几乎是纯粹的装饰品。 In addition, this frame wood structure has formed a unique component of palaces, temples and other high-level buildings in the past, that is, bunches of 'brackets' under the eaves. It is composed of bucket shaped wooden blocks and bow shaped crossbars, crisscrossing and picking out layer by layer to form a pedestal with large upper part and small lower part... 2、庭院式的组群布局 从古代文献记载，绘画中的古建筑形象一直到现存的古建筑来看，中国古代建筑在平面布局方面有一种简明的组织规律，这就是每一处住宅、宫殿、官衙、寺庙等建筑，都是由若干单座建筑和一些围廊、围墙之类环绕成一个个庭院而组成的。 According to the ancient documents, from the image of ancient buildings in paintings to the existing ancient buildings, there is a simple organization rule in the plane layout of ancient Chinese buildings, that is, every house, palace, government office, temple and other buildings are composed of several single buildings and some corridors, walls and the like surrounded into a courtyard. 一般地说，多数庭院都是前后串连起来，通过前院到达后院，这是中国封建社会“长幼有序，内外有别”的思想意识的产物。 Generally speaking, most courtyards are connected from front to back, which is the product of the ideology of 'order from age to age, and distinction between inside and outside' in Chinese feudal society.  家中主要人物，或者应和外界隔绝的人物（如贵族家庭的少女），就往往生活在离外门很远的庭院里，这就形成一院又一院层层深入的空间组织。 The main figures in the family, or those who should be isolated from the outside world (such as the girls of noble families), often live in the courtyard far away from the outer door, which forms the space organization of one courtyard after another. 这种庭院式的组群与布局，一般都是采用均衡对称的方式，沿着纵轴线（也称前后轴线）与横轴线进行设计。比较重要的建筑都安置在纵轴线上，次要房屋安置在它左右两侧的横轴线上，北京故宫的组群布局和北方的四合院是最能体现这一组群布局原则的典型实例。 This courtyard style group and layout is generally designed in a balanced and symmetrical way along the longitudinal axis (also known as the front and rear axis) and the horizontal axis. The more important buildings are located on the vertical axis, and the secondary houses are located on the horizontal axis on the left and right sides of it...  这种布局是和中国封建社会的宗法和礼教制度密切相关的。它最便于根据封建的宗法和等级观念，使尊卑、长幼、男女、主仆之间在住房上也体现出明显的差别。 This layout is closely related to the patriarchal clan system and the ritual system in the feudal society of China. It is most convenient to make obvious differences in housing between men and women, senior and junior, male and female, and master and servant according to feudal patriarchal clan system and hierarchical concept.  中国的这种庭院式的组群布局所造成的艺术效果，与欧洲建筑相比，有它独特的艺术魅力。一般地说，一座欧洲建筑，是比较一目了然的。而中国的古建筑，却像一幅中国画长卷，必须一段段地逐渐展看，不可能同时全部看到。 Compared with European architecture, the artistic effect of this courtyard style group layout in China has its unique artistic charm. Generally speaking, a European building is relatively clear at a glance. However, Chinese ancient buildings, like a long scroll of Chinese paintings, must be gradually unfolded section by section. It is impossible to see all of them at the same time. 走进一所中国古建筑也只能从一个庭院走进另一个庭院，必须全部走完才能看完。北京的故宫就是最杰出的一个范例，人们从天安门进去，每通过一道门，进入另一庭院；由庭院的这一头走到那一头，一院院、一步步景色都在变换，给人以深切的感受。故宫的艺术形象也就深深地留在人们的脑海中了。 Walking into an ancient Chinese building can only go from one courtyard to another. You must walk through all of them before you can see it. The Forbidden City in Beijing is the most outstanding example. People enter from the Tian'anmen Gate and enter another courtyard every time they pass through one gate... The artistic image of the Forbidden City will stay in people's minds.  3、富有装饰性的屋顶 中国古代的匠师很早就发现了利用屋顶以取得艺术效果的可能性。《诗经》里就有“作庙翼翼”之句，说明三千年前的诗人就已经在诗中歌颂祖庙舒展如翼的屋顶。 Craftsmen in ancient China discovered the possibility of using roofs to achieve artistic effects very early. In the Book of Songs, there is a sentence 'making wings of the temple', which means that poets three thousand years ago have sung praises of the stretched roof of the ancestral temple. 到了汉朝，后世的五种基本屋顶式样-四面坡的“庑殿顶”，四面、六面、八面坡或圆形的“攒尖顶”，两面坡但两山墙与屋面齐的“硬山顶”，两面坡而屋面挑出到山墙之外的“悬山顶”，以及上半是悬山而下半是四面坡的“歇山顶”就已经具备了。 In the Han Dynasty, there were five basic roof styles in later generations - the 'veranda roof' on four sides of the hill, the four, six and eight sides of the hill or the round 'Cuojian roof', the 'hard mountain top' with two sides of the hill but two gable walls flush with the roof, the 'hanging mountain top' with two sides of the hill and the roof projecting out of the gable.  我国古代匠师充分运用木结构的特点，创造了屋顶举折和屋面起翘、出翘，形成如鸟翼伸展的檐角和屋顶各部分柔和优美的曲线。 The ancient craftsmen in China made full use of the characteristics of wood structure to create roof folding and roof warping, forming cornices like birds' wings and soft and beautiful curves of various parts of the roof. 同时，屋脊的脊端都加上适当的雕饰，檐口的瓦也加以装饰性的处理。宋代以后，又大量采用琉璃瓦，为屋顶加上颜色和光泽，再加上后来又陆续出现其它许多屋顶式样，以及由这些屋顶组合而成的各种具有艺术效果的复杂形体，使中国古代建筑在运用屋顶形式创造建筑的艺术形象方面取得了丰富的经验，成为中国古代建筑重要的特征之一。 At the same time, the ridge ends of the roof ridges are properly carved, and the eaves tiles are also decorated. After the Song Dynasty, a large number of glazed tiles were used to add color and luster to the roof...  4、衬托性建筑的应用 衬托性建筑的应用，是中国古代宫殿、寺庙等高级建筑常用的艺术处理手法。它的作用是衬托主体建筑。最早应用的并且很有艺术特色的衬托性建筑便是从春秋时代就已开始的建于宫殿正门前的“阙”。到了汉代，除宫殿与陵墓外，祠庙和大中型坟墓也都使用。 The application of setting off buildings is a common artistic treatment technique for senior buildings such as palaces and temples in ancient China. Its function is to set off the main building. The 'Que' built in front of the main gate of the palace since the Spring and Autumn Period is the earliest used and artistic setting off building... 现存的四川雅安高颐墓阙，形制和雕刻十分精美，是汉代墓阙的典型作品。汉代以后的雕刻、壁画中常可以看到各种形式的阙，到了明清两代，阙就演变成现在故宫的午门。其它常见的富有艺术性的衬托性建筑还有宫殿正门前的华表、牌坊、照壁、石狮等。 The existing Gaoyi Tomb Tower in Ya'an, Sichuan, is a typical work of the Han Dynasty, with its exquisite shape and sculpture. Que in various forms can often be seen in carvings and murals after the Han Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Que evolved into the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City...  5、色彩的运用 中国古代的匠师在建筑装饰中最敢于使用色彩也最善于使用色彩。这个特点是和中国建筑的木结构体系分不开的。因为木料不能经久，所以，中国建筑很早就采用在木材上涂漆和桐油的办法，以保护木质和加固木构件用榫卯结合的关接，同时增加美观，达到实用、坚固与美观相结合。 The ancient Chinese craftsmen were the most daring and good at using color in architectural decoration. This feature is inseparable from the wood structure system of Chinese architecture. Because the wood cannot last long, Chinese architecture has long adopted the method of painting and tung oil on the wood to protect the wood and strengthen the joint of the wood components with tenon and mortise... 以后又用丹红装饰柱子、梁架或在斗拱梁、枋等处绘制彩画。经过长期的实践，中国建筑在运用色彩方面积累了丰富的经验，例如在北方的宫殿、官衙建筑中，很善于运用鲜明色彩的对比与调和。 Later, they used red to decorate columns, beams and frames, or painted colorful paintings on the bucket arches and beams. After a long period of practice, Chinese architecture has accumulated rich experience in the use of color. For example, in the palaces and government buildings in the north, it is good at using the contrast and harmony of bright colors. 房屋的主体部分、也即经常可以照到阳光的部分，一般用暖色，特别是用朱红色；房檐下的阴影部分，则用蓝绿相配的冷色。这样就更强调了阳光的温暖和阴影的阴凉，形成一种悦目的对比。 The main part of the house, that is, the part that can often get sunlight, generally uses warm colors, especially vermilion; The shadow part under the eaves is a cool color matching blue and green. This emphasizes the warmth of the sun and the shade of the shadow, forming a pleasant contrast.  朱红色门窗部分和蓝、绿色的檐下部分往往还加上金线和金点，蓝、绿之间也间以少数红点，使得建筑上的彩画图案显得更加活泼，增强了装饰效果。 The vermilion doors and windows and the blue and green eaves are often accompanied by gold lines and gold dots, and there are a few red dots between the blue and green, which makes the painted patterns on the buildings more lively and enhances the decorative effect. 当然这种色彩风格的形成，在很大程度上也是与北方的自然环境有关。因为在平坦广阔的华北平原地区，冬季景色的色彩是很单调严酷的。在那样的自然环境中，这种鲜明的色彩就为建筑物带来活泼和生趣。 Of course, the formation of this color style is also related to the natural environment in the north to a large extent. Because in the flat and vast North China Plain, the color of winter scenery is very monotonous and harsh. In such a natural environment, this bright color brings liveliness and interest to the buildings. 基于相同原因，在山明水秀、四季常青的南方，建筑的色彩一方面为封建社会的建筑等级制度所局限，另一方面也是因为南方终年青绿、四季花开，为了使建筑的色彩与南方的自然环境相调和，它使用的色彩就比较淡雅，多用白墙、灰瓦和栗、黑、墨绿等色的梁柱，形成秀丽淡雅的格调。 For the same reason, in the south, where the mountains and rivers are beautiful and the trees are evergreen all the year round, the color of buildings is limited by the architectural hierarchy of the feudal society on the one hand, and also because the south is green all the year round and the flowers bloom all the year round... 一些重要的纪念性建筑，如北京的故宫、天坛等再加上黄色、绿色或蓝色的琉璃瓦，下面并衬以一层乃至好几层雪白的汉白玉台基和栏杆，在华北平原秋高气爽、万里无云的蔚蓝天空下，它的色彩效果是无比动人的。 Some important monumental buildings, such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, plus yellow, green or blue glazed tiles, are lined with a layer or even several layers of white marble platforms and railings. Under the clear, cloudless blue sky in North China, its color effect is extremely impressive. 这种色调在比较炎热的南方的夏天里使人产生一种清凉感，不像强烈的颜色容易令人烦躁。从这里也可知道，我国古建筑的色彩的运用，除了上面提到的两种主要格调外，随着民族和地区的不同，也有一些差别。 This kind of color makes people feel cool in the relatively hot summer in the south, which is not as easy to be upset as strong colors. It can also be seen from here that, in addition to the two main styles mentioned above, there are also some differences in the use of colors of ancient buildings with different nationalities and regions. |
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