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当雨水落下，你是否想过每滴雨水将在这里停留多久，又将如何流走？它们往往直接被排入雨水口，沿管道一泻而下，未必来得及停留哪怕短短的五分钟就与我们擦肩而过。而如果雨滴有幸落入绿地，它们就可以优雅地下渗到土壤，滋养植物的根系，最后在阳光的照耀下由植物中慢慢蒸腾，吐出，回到它们来时的天空。  1 什么是生物滞留？ 生物滞留作为一种基于自然的解决方案，用于补充现有的传统灰色污水处理设施。生物滞留区通常被设计成浅层植被洼地，可以拦截、下渗、分流、改变雨水的体积和速度，并管理它们。土壤类型、地貌深度和植被类型决定了生物滞留区的效率和处理能力。生物滞留区在污水处理系统老旧，透水表面范围有限且存在大量污染径流的老城区格外有价值。它可以有效增加雨水管理系统的容量，用植物去除雨水中的污染物质，促进补给地下水。 2 生物滞留的益处 
 3 生物滞留的几种类型 Bioswales and rain gardens Bioswales and rain gardens are shallow, densely vegetated ground depressions, with a variety of trees, shrubs, and grasses to collect stormwater from adjacent impervious surfaces. During storms, they become flooded and facilitate ground infiltration and cleaning of stormwater simultaneously. During dry seasons, swales and rain gardens contribute to the quality of public areas. Bioswales are common in streets and other linear infrastructure; rain gardens are common in parks, squares, and private gardens. 生物洼地和雨水花园 生物洼地和雨水花园是浅层的、植被茂密的地面凹地，其中生长树木、灌木和草本，收集来自邻近不透水表面的雨水。在暴雨期间，它们会被淹没，促进地面的渗透和净化雨水。而在干燥季节，生物洼地和雨水花园将大大提高公共区域的景观质量。生物洼地多用在街道和线性基础设施中，而雨水花园在公园、广场和欧美私人花园中更为多见。
Detention pond Detention ponds are deeper and less biologically diverse bioretention areas than bioswales and rain gardens. Bioretention systems capture and temporally store stormwater during periods of heavy rain. Detention ponds can be completely filled up with water during storms; they infiltrate much of it into the ground; and discharge the overflow into the sewer system. The remainder of the time they remain dry. Detention ponds can provide attractive scenic elements in public areas, around playgrounds and sport fields. 贮水塘 与生物洼地和雨水花园相比，蓄水池是更深、生物多样性更少的雨水滞留设施。它在降雨期间捕获并暂时储存雨水，这段时间可以完全被水填满，大部分雨水渗入地下，只将过量溢出的水排入下水道系统。在晴天蓄水池保持干燥，在公共区域、操场和运动场周围提供成为一道美丽的风景。
Retention pond Retention ponds are bioretention areas characterized by a permanent body of water and vegetated edges. Unlike detention ponds, they are permanently filled with water. Retention ponds collect stormwater from the surrounding areas; add storage capacity and ease the pressure on the surface water treatment and sewerage systems. Retention ponds offer the added benefit of storing water for further reuse during drought conditions, while simultaneously providing habitat and enriching the diversity of public green spaces. 滞留塘 滞留塘是一种有永久水体和植被边缘的生物滞留区。与贮水塘不同，它保持全年有水。滞留塘收集从周边流入的雨水，增加区域总体储水能力，缓解地表水处理和污水处理系统的压力。除此以外，滞留塘还提供额外的好处，即在干旱条件下储存雨水用于未来使用，同时提供栖息地并丰富公共绿地的多样性。
Permeable pavements Permeable pavements are alternatives to traditional pavements, such as pervious asphalt, pervious concrete, interlocking pavers, and plastic grid pavers, and are especially effective during less intense storms for reducing surface runoff. They infiltrate, treat, and store rainwater and reduce runoff by allowing rain and snowmelt to seep to underlying layers. They generally consist of a surface pavement layer, an underlying stone aggregate reservoir layer, and a filter layer or fabric installed at the bottom. Permeable pavements can be used at commercial, institutional, and residential sites in spaces that are traditionally impervious, such as pedestrian walkways, driveways, bike lanes, parking lots, and low volume roadways. They are unsuitable for high-volume or highspeed roadways and avoided at spill sites as they clog the pavement. 透水路面 透水路面是传统路面的替代品，例如代替透水沥青、透水混凝土、联锁型砖路面和塑料网格路面，尤其在低强度的暴风雨中可以有效减少地表径流。它们引导雨水下渗、处理和储存，并通过让雨水和融雪渗入地底来减少地表径流。它们通常由表面铺装层、下层石料贮藏层和安装在底部的过滤层或织物组成。透水路面可用于商业、机构和住宅场所的传统不透水空间，如人行道、车道、自行车道、停车场和低流量道路。它们不适合用于大流量或高速道路，并避免在溢出的地方使用，因为它们会堵塞路面。
OKRA transformed the central area of the city of Nijverdal into an attractive and lively place that is friendly and welcoming, with plenty of space for cyclists and pedestrians. The redevelopment of the 800-metre-long Grotestraat is notable because of its green-blue structure with climate-adaptive wadi and water-bearing plant pockets around the trees. The revitalisation of the central area and dealing with climate change go hand in hand in this project.
Climate Adaptive 气候适应性 项目中水资源管理、集水和排水的可持续技术解决方案，使该地区能够适应和抵抗最近出现极端降水和夏季严重干旱以及各种高温时期的气候变化。储存在人行道下的雨水，不仅可以为树木提供充足的水分，还能为旁边的装置提供喷泉水景。 
Water Resilient Cities 水弹性城市 奈弗达尔中心区域设计融合了当地山脊和溪谷的景观品质，使其成为一个极具吸引力、健康和宜居的村庄中心。通过将吸引人的生活空间与气候趋势联系起来，为雨水系统和用户公共空间创造了双重用途。OKRA更是因此获得了2019年“城市环境中的最佳可持续排水系统”的海绵城市奖。
本文由可持续景观研究院翻译编排 |
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来自： 江南一鱼6jvvqc > 《海绵城市》
