| 多duō端歌“㈠数量大。与少、寡相对。㈡胜过，超出。㈢战功。㈣赞许，自负。㈤適足，只是。㈥姓。”，郑张尚芳（端歌）?l'aal（得何）甲金文从二肉 非二夕，中古taa，越南语đa；英语many、much、more；拉丁语multum（许多的）；波斯语bisyār。安世高译tra、支谦译ta、tā为多。《说文·夕部》：“多，重也。从重夕。夕者，相繹也，故为多。重夕为多，重日为曡。凡多之属皆从多得何切。 古文多。”。徐中舒主编《甲骨文字典》解字：“从二 ， 象块肉形。《说文》：'多，重也。从重夕。夕者，相繹也，故为多。重夕为多，重日为曡… 古文多。’古时祭祀分胙肉，分兩块则多义自见。《说文》以为從二夕，实誤。”释义：“一、不少也。二、衆也。三、方国名。四、妇多，人名。五、疑为祭名。”多少和东西的稀缺程度以及人类的需求程度有关，而與数量并无必然的关系。人在干渴之时，三四滴水也是少；而在古代二块肉也是多。但从数量上看三、四（滴水）之少是多于二（块肉）之多的。甲骨文“多”是二肉，“多”本来的读音当是“肉”。肉ròu日屋“㈠人体及动物的肌肉。㈡蔬果除去皮核外的可食部分。㈢形容声音丰满悦耳。㈣有孔圆形物的变体。”，郑张尚芳（日屋）njug（如六），中古ðuk，越南语nhục，英语meat、flesh；波斯语gūsht（维吾尔语仍保留着该词：波斯语go:št“肉”现代维吾尔语口语为göš）;拉丁语caro，白语ka42 “肉”，四川话“嘎嘎”；突厥语ät（楚瓦什语üt）。《说文·肉部》：“肉，胾肉。象形。凡肉之属皆从肉。如六切”。 段注:“胾,大脔也,谓鸟兽之肉。…人曰肌,鸟兽曰肉。”徐中舒主编《甲骨文字典》解字：“象肉块形。《说文》：'肉，胾肉。象形。’”释义：“疑为胾肉之义。”甲骨文之“肉”为带有两条腿的（动物）坐凳肉。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》meat(n.1.（食用）肉.（人体）肉.<主美>果肉；坚果仁；（蛋的）可食用部分.实质；主要部分.2.<古>食物.)：Old English mete'food’or'article of food’(as in sweetmeat)，of Germanic origin.《培根词汇》meat(n.)：Old English mete'food,item of food’(paired with drink),from Proto-Germanic *mati(cf.Old Saxon meti,Old Frisian mete，Old Norse matr，Old High German maz,Gothic mats'food,’，Middle Dutch，Dutch metworst,German Mettwurst'typt of sausage’),from PIE *mad-i-，from root *mad-'moist,wet,’also with reference to food qualities,（cf.Sanskrit medas-'fat’(n.)，Old Irish mat'pig;’see mast(n.2)）.突厥人和蒙古人都要食用马肉，在战争中他们都要携带大量马匹以作为食物来源之一。突厥语马αt中的尾音t音转为š即是突厥语αš（粮食，食物），音转为ät就是古代和现代突厥语的“肉”，可见突厥人是以马作为主要食物来源的。最早驯养马的、游牧的雅利安（Aryan）人肯定也是以马为食物来源的。殷墟甲骨文中的“肉”当是带有马腿的马坐凳肉。一个马坐凳儿的肉已经够多，两个马坐凳儿当然更多。以马坐凳儿为肉可以佐证殷（*An/*Ar，越南语殷ân）人就是雅利安（Aryan）人。从突厥语αt（马）、αš（粮食，食物）、ät（肉）三者的密切联系，可以推断出上古汉语和古英语的“肉”皆出自“马”：“肉”的读音由“马”的读音音转而来。马（明马）：汉语mǎ，郑张尚芳《上古音系》mraa？，周及徐《汉语印欧语词汇比较》**maarg、*mraa？、ma；日语ベba，越南语mầ，朝鲜语mar；日耳曼语阳性名词之马，古英语mearh，古弗里斯兰语mar，古高德语marh、marah，古北欧语marr；日耳曼语阴性名词之马（母马），古英语mere、mīere、myre，古弗里斯兰语merie，古撒克逊语meria，古高德语meriha，古北欧语merr；早期爱尔兰语和盖尔语marc，古威尔士语march，康瓦尔语margh、march，不列颠语marh古弗里斯兰语、朝鲜语mar正是上古汉语“马”之读音。比较古弗里斯兰语mar、古英语mearh、古高德语marh、marah、古北欧语marr、早期爱尔兰语和盖尔语marc、古威尔士语march、康瓦尔语margh、march、不列颠语marh，后面诸语言比古弗里斯兰语多出了个-r/-c（-h、-ch、-gh）尾。马是赤狄蒲类*Mbar/Bar[殷*Ar人、秦*Barr（作为禾本科作物的秦当即古诺斯语barr'barley’）人皆是赤狄蒲类]带入中国的，中国境内的白狄（鬼*kul方=周Cul姬Cii、凯尔特人、日耳曼人）遂以族名*Mbar称呼他们带入中国的'马’。马*marr/*marc＞*mady＞PIE *mad-i-、原始日耳曼语*mati、古诺斯语matr、古高德语maz、哥特语mats、古英语和古弗里斯兰语mete、古撒克逊语meti，马*marr/*marc＞肉*murc＞*mruk＞*nruk＞*njuk＞中古汉语肉ðuk。汉语“肉”和英语meat的最初来源皆是马*mar(r)。肌（见脂）kril（居夷），中古汉语*ki。肌ｊī【名】(形声。从肉,几声。本义:肌肉)同本义(先秦时期,“肌”表示人的肉;“肉”表示禽兽的肉)〖muscle〗《说文》“肌,肉也。”。《培根词汇》muscle（n.）：late 14c., from Middle French muscle "muscle, sinew" (14c.) and directly from Latin musculus "a muscle," literally "little mouse," diminutive of mus "mouse" (see mouse (n.)). So called because theshape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice. The analogy was made in Greek, too, where mys is both "mouse" and "muscle," and its comb. form gives the medical prefix myo- . Cf. also Old Church Slavonic mysi "mouse," mysica "arm;" German Maus "mouse; muscle," Arabic 'adalah "muscle," 'adal "field mouse." In Middle English, lacerte, from the Latin word for "lizard," also was used as a word for a muscle.十二生肖老鼠位列第一可能与 以鼠为肉的习俗有关。但历史上并无日耳曼人、罗马人食用老鼠（以鼠为肉）的记载，拉丁语 musculus "a muscle"之mus(c)当与mus "mouse" 无关，而应是肉*murc（＜马*marc）之音转。马*marc>*gars/*garg>*guds/*karw>波斯语gūsht、拉丁语caro、中古汉语肌*ki(上古为*kar)、白语ka42 “肉” 、四川话“嘎嘎”。英语flesh可能出自*mlal（如蜜、若蜜、似蜜）：*mlal＞*bladr＞*plask＞古英语flæsc "flesh, meat"。《培根词汇》flesh（n.）：Old English flæsc "flesh, meat," also "near kindred" (a sense now obsolete except in phrase flesh and blood), common West and North Germanic (cf. Old Frisian flesk, Middle Low German vlees, German Fleisch "flesh," Old Norse flesk "pork, bacon"), of uncertain origin, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *flaiskoz-. Figurative use for "animal or physical nature of man" (Old English) is from the Bible, especially Paul's use of Greek sarx, which yielded sense of "sensual appetites" (c.1200). Flesh-wound is from 1670s; flesh-color, the hue of "Caucasian" skin, is first recorded 1610s, described as a tint composed of "a light pink with a little yellow" [O'Neill, "Dyeing," 1862]. An Old English poetry-word for "body" was flæsc-hama, literally "flesh-home."《新牛津英汉双解大词典》more(determiner＆pronoun.更大的；更多的；更大程度的.adj.1.[构成有一个以上音节的形容词或副词的比较级]更.2.更大程度地.3.非常，极其（用于形容词前，表达积极的情感及态度）.3.再，还.4.而且.)：Old English māra，of Germanic origin;related to Dutch meer and German mehr.《培根词汇》more(adj.)：Old English mara'greater,more,stronger,mightier,’used as a comparative of micel'great’(see mickle),from Proto-Germanic *maizon-(cf.Old Saxon mera,Old Frisian mara，Old Norse meiri，Middle Dutch mere，Old High German mero,German mehr),from PIE *meis（cf.Avestan mazja'greater,’Old Irish mor'great,’Welsh mawr'great,’Greek -moros'great,’Oscan mais'more’）,frpm root *me-'big.’Sometimes used as an adverb in Old English('in addition’),but Old English generally used related ma'more’as adverb and noun.This became Middle English mo,but more in this sense began to predominate in later Middle English. 俗语“牛高马大”反映出以“马”为大的习俗。古英语mara'greater,more,stronger,mightier’、古爱尔兰语mor'great’、威尔士语mawr'great’、希腊语 -moros'great’皆出自马*marr/*marc。much和mickle亦出自马。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》much(determiner＆pronoun.许多，大量.[用于轻蔑地表示某人或某物不够格]（不）十分好的.adv.很大程度上；大量地.常常；好久.)：Middle English:shortened from muchel，from Old English micel(see MICKLE).《培根词汇》much(adj.)：c.1200,worn down by loss of unaccented last syllable from Middle English muchel'large,much,’from Old English micel'great in amount or extent,’from Proto-Germanic *mekilaz,from PIE *meg-'great’(see mickle).马*marc＞*mac＞PIE *meg-。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》mickle(n.<古或苏格兰，北英格兰>大量，许多.adj.巨大的.determiner＆pronoun.许多，大量.)：Old English micel'great,numerous,much’，of Germanic origin;from an Indo_European root shared by Greek megas,megal-.《培根词汇》mickle(adj.)：dialectal survival of Old English micel,mycel'great,intense,big,long,much,many,’from Proto-Germanic *mekilaz(cf.Old Saxon mikil,Old Norse mikill，Old High German mihhil,Gothic mikils)，from PIE root *meg-'great,large’（cf.Armenian mets'great;’Sanskrit mahat-'great;’mazah-'greatness;’Avestan mazant-'great;’Hittite mekkish'great,large;’Greek megas'great,large;’Latin magnus'great,large,much,abundant,’major'greatest;’Middle Irish mag,maignech'great,large;’M.Welsh meith'long,great’）.英语many亦出自“马”，它和汉语“多”是同源词。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》many(determiner,pronoun＆adjective.许多（的），很多（的）.n.大多数人.)：Old English manig，of Germanic origin;related to Dutch menig and German manch.《培根词汇》many(adj.)：Old English monig,manig'many,many a,much,’from Proto-Germanic *managaz(cf.Old Saxon manag,Swedish mången,Old Frisian manich，Dutch menig，Old High German manag,German manch，Gothic manags),from PIE *menegh-'copious’（cf.Old Church Slavonic munogu'much,many,’Old Irish menicc，Welsh mynych'frequent,’Old Irish magham'gift’）.Pronunciation altered by influence of any(see manifold).马*marr/*marc＞*mang＞原始日耳曼语*managaz、古英语manig、monig、古萨克逊语 manag、古弗里斯兰语manich、古高德语manag、哥特语manags。甲骨文“多”由读音肉*marr（即马）变作上古汉语“多”的音转如下：肉*marr（即马）＞*narr＞*dar（*daar为甲骨文“大”之读音）＞*ta(r)/tra＞中古汉语多*taa。甲骨文“肉”是带腿的马坐墩儿、“多”是两个带腿马坐墩儿，“多”、“肉”皆出自马*marr/*marc，这是殷人曾是食马肉民族的有力证据。肥féi並微“㈠肌肉丰满。'瘠’之反。㈡家畜肥大。㈢肥沃，土地养分充足。㈣增加养分，使土地肥沃。㈤厚。㈥水同源而异流。㈦古国名。㈧姓。”，郑张尚芳bɯl，中古汉语bui，越南语phì；《说文解字》“多肉也。从肉从卪。符非切”，'肥’始见于战国文字。多出自肉，肉出自马，马出自赤狄蒲类*Mbar/Bar。多肉/肉多最终亦出自蒲类。蒲类*Mbar/Bar＞肥*bur＞中古汉语*buy=*bui＞金尼阁fȋ＞肥féi。古英语fāētt'肥胖的’来自于古英语fāēted'养肥了的’，古北欧语feitr，周及徐先生将该词比对成汉语之'䏟’。周及徐《汉语印欧语词汇比较》䏟*biit,biet並屑开四入。《说文·肉部》“䏟，肥肉也。从肉必声蒲结切。”䏟音蹩（bié並屑，越南语biết）。摄摩腾、竺法兰译nir、支谶译nad为涅（泥屑）（越南语nất、niết），支谦译tis为蛭（zhì照质、端屑、端质），並屑之䏟可拟作*bad/*bid、*bat/*bit，中古汉语*bead；甲骨文、金文、战国文字未见'䏟’字。《Origins》(Eric partridge)fat、fatness：1.…古英语fāētt，来自于古英语fāēted，养肥了的：同源于古弗里斯兰语fatt,fet，古高德语feizit，德语fett，古撒克逊语*fētid，古北欧语feitr；同源于拉丁语opimus，丰富的，肥胖的，pinguis，胖的，矮胖的；同源于希腊语piōn，肥胖的，piar和pimelē，名词，肥胖；同源于梵语payate，它膨胀或长肥，…pītu-darus，松树（pine-tree）（比较同义词希腊语pitus），因为松树是多树脂的树，由此比较拉丁语pītuīta，树脂……显然，原始印欧语词根的变化从*pa-到*pi-，有延长式*pat-和*pit-，后者又有变体*pin-,*pim-。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》fat(脂肪；肥肉.脂油.肥胖.肥胖的.育肥的.油腻的；肥的)：Old English fǣtt'well fed,plump’,also'fatty,oily’,of Germanic origin;related to Dutch vet and Geman feist.《培根词汇》fat(adj.)：Old English fætt'fat,fatted,plump,obese,’originally a contracted past participle of fœttian'to cram,stuff,’from Proto-Germanic *faitaz'fat’(cf.Old Frisian fatt，Old Norse feitr，Dutch vet， German feist).from PIE *poid-'to abound in water,milk,fat,etc.’（cf.Greek piduein'to gush forth’）， from PIE root *peie-'to be fat,swell’ （cf.Sanskrit payate'swells,exuberates,’ pituh'juice,sap,resin;’Lithuanian pienas'milk;’Greek pion'fat,wealthy;’Latin pinguis'fat’）.蒲类Bar是肥胖的、凶猛的，由蒲类Bar衍生出汉语䏟*bad/*bat、胖、原始日耳曼语*fait（az）。蒲类Bar(r) ＞*patt/*patr＞古弗里斯兰语fatt、古英语fætt、古诺斯语feitr。胖pàn《集韵》普半切（滂换）“㈠古代祭祀时用的半边牲肉。”、bǎn《集韵》补绾切（帮潸）“㈡脅侧薄肉，夹脊肉。”、pán《集韵》蒲官切（並桓）“㈢大。《礼·大学》：'富润屋，德润身，心宽体胖。’注：'胖，犹大也。’”、pàng “㈣肥大。”，郑张尚芳phaans，中古汉语phuans、paan?、buan，金尼阁pͨûón，越南语bàng，英语fat、plump。“胖”当是特指大型牺牲马（甲骨文肉是带腿的马坐凳儿）之'半边牲肉’故有大义、肥大义。《说文解字》：“胖，半體肉也。一曰廣肉。从半从肉，半亦聲。普半切”，甲骨文、金文、战国文字不见'胖’字。周及徐*baan,buan並桓合一平/元部。蒲类Bar＞*ban（并桓），远古时代的白狄姬人可能存在杀赤狄蒲类Bar以祭的习俗。蒲类Bar＞*bag＞汉语博、英语big。博bó帮铎“㈠大。㈡广。㈢通达，多闻。㈣众多，丰富。㈤局戏。㈥换取，取得。”，郑张尚芳paag，中古汉语pag，越南语bác，英语big。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》big：Middle English(in the sense'strong,mighty1’)：of unknown origin.《培根词汇》big(adj.)：c.1300,northern England dialect，'powerful,strong,’of obscure origin,possibly from a Scandinavian source(cf.Norwegian dialectal bugge'great man’).梵语mahā，伟大的，大的；maha-，构词词素，大，伟大；拉丁语magnus,大的、伟大的，构词形式magn(i)-。支谦译maḥ（P.mak）为莫（明铎）、摩诃。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》might2：noun.（尤指国家、大型组织、自然力等的）强大力量；威力；势力.词源：Old English miht,mieht,of Germanic origin;related to MAY1.《培根词汇》might(n.)：Old English miht,earlier mœht'might,bodily strength,power,authority,ability,’ from Proto-Germanic *makhti-(cf.Old Norse mattr， Old Frisian， Middle Dutch，Dutch macht，Old High German math,German Macht，Gothic mahts),Germanic suffixed from PIE root *magh-(1)'be able,have power’（see may(v.)）.现代汉语之-ng在金尼阁《西儒耳目资》中作-m尾，胖之反切中并不带-m尾；现代汉语胖pàng之-ng是由原来的-n尾音转来的；胖pàng这个读音和英语plump的读音接近，它有可能出自英语plump。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》plump1：adjective.饱满的，丰满的，圆润的.胖乎乎的.verb.变圓；长胖.词源：late 15th cent.(in the sense'blunt,forthright’)：related to Middle Dutch plomp, Middle Low German plump,plomp'blunt,obtuse,blockish’.《培根词汇》plump(adj.)：late 15c.,'blunt,dull’(in manners),from Dutch plomp'blunt,thick, massive,stumpy,’probably related to plompen'fall or drop heavily’(see plump(v.)).Meaning'fleshy,of rounded form’is from 1540s in English.Danish and Swedish plump'rude,coarse,clumsy’are from the Low German word and represent a different sense development. |
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